Endemicity change of hepatitis A infection necessitates vaccination in food handlers: An Indian perspective

ABSTRACT

In the last two decades, outbreaks due to the foodborne hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been frequently reported in India, with adolescents and adults primarily affected. In India, most food handlers are adolescents and young adults who might be exposed to unsatisfactory environmental conditions and poor water quality. This increases the risk of HAV infection and consequently compounds the risk of HAV transmission from food handlers to susceptible populations. Given the shift in hepatitis A endemicity from high to intermediate levels in India, implementing the vaccination of food handlers has become important as it can also contribute to the elimination of hepatitis A in India. This narrative review makes a case for hepatitis A immunization of food handlers in India considering the growing food industry, evolving food culture, and the substantial burden caused by hepatitis A outbreaks.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

What is the context?

• Hepatitis A disease is a common form of viral hepatitis and is transmitted through contaminated food and water or through close contact with an infected person. The virus with stands high temperature and can survive on surfaces for long periods of time.

• In India, the burden of hepatitis A has shifted from children to adolescents and adults who are more culnerable to infection. They present a high risk of complications, often requiring hopitalization.

• The prevention of the disease has often bee neglected, inadequate safety measures for the preparation of food (via food handlers) is a known risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A.

What is new?

• Our review highlights the relationship between food handling and hepatitis A infection among adolescents and adults in Inida.

• The lack of knowledge of food safety regulations and hygiene measures among food handlers and the organizations that guide them may contribute to the spread of hepatitis A.

What is the impact?

• Sanitation efforts, awareness and educational programs for food are needed to help reduce the transmission of hepatitis A virus and disease, yet these measures alone may not be sufficient.

• Vaccination among high-risk populations such as food handlers can prevent hepatitis A infection and its complications as well as transmission.

KEYWORDS:

• Hepatitis A virus
• food safety
• India
• food handler
• endemicity
• outbreak
• adolescent
• adult
• public health
• vaccination
• control measures

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Business & Decision Life Sciences platform for editorial assistance and manuscript coordination, on behalf of GSK. Amandine Radziejwoski coordinated the manuscript development and editorial support. Amrita Ostawal (Arete Communication UG) provided medical writing support.

Contributorship

All authors participated in the design of this review, interpretation of the results; and the development of this manuscript. All authors had full access to the data and gave final approval before submission.

Clinical Trial Registration

NCT Number (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and NA to come.

Declaration of interest

Jaydeep Mazumdar, Ashish Agrawal, Shafi Kolhapure and Anar Andani are employees of the GSK group of companies. Anar Andani holds shares in the GSK group of companies. Jaydeep Mazumdar, Ashish Agrawal, Shafi Kolhapure and Anar Andani and declare no other financial and non-financial relationships and activities. Bhaskar Shenoy declares no financial and non-financial relationships and activities and no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA covered all costs associated with the development and publication of this manuscript.