https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-2871
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ABSTRACT
As of September 2021, 117 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development, and 194 are in preclinical development as per the World Health Organization (WHO) published draft landscape. Among the 117 vaccines undergoing clinical trials, the major platforms include protein subunit; RNA; inactivated virus; viral vector, among others. So far, USFDA recognized to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty) COVID-19 vaccine for its full use in individuals of 16 years of age and older. Though the approved vaccines are being manufactured at a tremendous pace, the wealthiest countries have about 28% of total vaccines despite possessing only 10.8% of the total world population, suggesting an inequity of vaccine distribution. The review comprehensively summarizes the history of vaccines, mainly focusing on vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. The review also connects relevant topics, including measurement of vaccines efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, associated challenges, and limitations, as hurdles in global vaccination are also kept forth.
Acknowledgments
All the authors thank their respective affiliated working institutes and universities for providing the necessary infrastructure and support to carry out the current work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
The manuscript has been prepared and drafted with the understanding and contributions of all the authors.
Abbreviations
| ACE2 | = | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
| Ads-nCoV | = | Adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID -19 |
| BCRs | = | B cell receptors |
| BCG | = | Bacillus Calmette-Guerin |
| CEPI | = | Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations |
| CoVLP | = | Coronavirus-like particle COVID-19 vaccine candidate |
| CFRs | = | Case fatality rates |
| COVAX | = | COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility |
| C-TAP | = | COVID-19 Technology Access Pool |
| CBER | = | Centre for Biologics Evaluation and Research |
| EMA | = | European Medicines Agency |
| EUA | = | Emergency Use Authorization |
| GAVI | = | Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation |
| H-CoV-229E | = | Human coronavirus 229E |
| MERS-CoV | = | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
| ML | = | Machine learning |
| mTOR | = | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| NIAID | = | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; |
| NDVP | = | National Deployment and Vaccination Plan |
| NAbs | = | virus-neutralizing antibodies |
| PS | = | Protein subunit |
| RBD | = | Receptor-binding domain |
| SARS-CoV-2 | = | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 |
| TCRs | = | T cell receptors |
| TTS | = | Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome |
| TLRSs | = | Toll-like Receptors |
| USFDA | = | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| VE | = | Vaccine efficacy |