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ABSTRACT
Implementation of inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) containing Sabin strains (sIPV) will further enable global polio eradication efforts by improving vaccine safety during use and containment during manufacturing. Moreover, sIPV-containing vaccines will lower costs and expand production capacity to facilitate more widespread use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review focuses on the role of vaccine formulation in these efforts including traditional Salk IPV vaccines and new sIPV-containing dosage forms. The physicochemical properties and stability profiles of poliovirus antigens are described. Formulation approaches to lower costs include developing multidose and combination vaccine formats as well as improving storage stability. Formulation strategies for dose-sparing and enhanced mucosal immunity include employing adjuvants (e.g. aluminum-salt and newer adjuvants) and/or novel delivery systems (e.g. ID administration with microneedle patches). The potential for applying these low-cost formulation development strategies to other vaccines to further improve vaccine access and coverage in LMICs is also discussed.
Abbreviations
| AF4-MALS | = | asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering |
| BSA | = | bovine serum albumin |
| IPV | = | conventional formalin-inactivated polio virus |
| COVID-19 | = | coronavirus disease 2019 |
| cVDPV | = | circulating vaccine-derived polio virus |
| DCVM | = | developing countries vaccine manufactures |
| DLS | = | dynamic light scattering |
| dmLT | = | double mutant heat-labile enterotoxin |
| DPBS | = | Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline |
| DSC | = | differential scanning calorimetry |
| DTP | = | diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccine |
| DTT | = | dithiothreitol |
| DU | = | D-antigen unit |
| ELISA | = | enzyme-linked immunoassay |
| Hep B | = | hepatitis B |
| Hib | = | Haemophilus influenzaetype b |
| ID | = | intradermal |
| IM | = | intramuscular |
| IPV | = | inactivated polio virus |
| LMIC | = | low- and middle- income countries |
| MDVP | = | multi-dose vial policy |
| N/S | = | needle and syringe |
| NRRV | = | non-replicating rotavirus vaccines |
| OPV | = | oral polio vaccine |
| 2-PE | = | 2-phenoxyethanol |
| PLGA | = | poly D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid |
| PV | = | polio Virus |
| RNA | = | ribonucleic acid |
| SDU | = | Sabin D-antigen unit |
| sIPV | = | Sabin inactivated polio virus |
| SPR | = | surface plasmon resonance |
| SV-AUC | = | sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation |
| TEM | = | transmission electron microscopy |
| VAPP | = | vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis |
| VP | = | viral proteins |
| VVM | = | vaccine vial monitor |
| WHO | = | World Health Organization |
| wP | = | whole cell pertussis |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).