Dexmedetomidine improves oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) -induced neurological injury through regulating SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis

ABSTRACT

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects through various regulatory mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of SNHG11 in Dex-mediated neuroprotection. The ischemic stroke (IS) model was established in vivo by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and in vitro by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated SH-SY5Y. SNHG11 was highly expressed after OGD/R, and Dex improved OGD/R-induced neurological injury. Additionally, Dex reversed the effects of SNHG11 on OGD/R-induced neurological injury. Furthermore, we found that SNHG11 upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression by targeting miR-324-3p. Through rescue assays, it was confirmed that SNHG11 regulated OGD/R-induced neurological injury through increasing VEGFA expression. At last, Dex was also discovered to improve neurological injury through regulating SNHG11 in the rat model. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that Dex improved OGD/R-induced neurological injury via SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis. These findings may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for IS treatment.

KEYWORDS:

• Dexmedetomidine
• ischemic stroke
• SNHG11
• miR-324-3p
• VEGFA

Introduction

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common cerebrovascular disease with a high incidence rate among the elderly [1,2]. IS can decrease blood flow to the brain and trigger a chain reaction that may lead to severe neuronal damage [3,4]. Despite the great progress in IS treatment, the patients’ prognosis is still far from satisfactory due to the narrow treatment window [5]. Therefore, it is important to develop effective therapeutic strategies for IS.

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a type of alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist, which has pharmacological properties of analgesia and retarding sympathetic activity [6–8]. A large number of researches have illustrated that Dex exhibits neuroprotective effects through various regulatory mechanisms [9,10]. For example, Dex activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to promote the neuroprotective effect in traumatic brain injury [11]. MiR-128 targets WNT1 to strengthen neuroprotective effects of Dex in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage [12]. Additionally, Dex regulates SHNG16/miR-10b-5p/BDNF axis to exert neuroprotective effects in hippocampal neuronal cells [13]. However, the molecular mechanisms of Dex in IS need further investigation.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely reported to participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including IS [14]. For instance, lncRNA H19 drives M1 microglial polarization to facilitate neuroinflammation in IS [15]. LncRNA MALAT1 regulates the apoptosis in IS via the miR-205-3p/PTEN axis [16]. LncRNA GAS5 facilitates the progression of IS by targeting miR-137 [17]. Furthermore, lncRNA-N1LR suppresses p53 phosphorylation to promote neuroprotection against IS [18]. Small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) family members, such as SNHG15 [19], SNHG12 [20], and SNHG1 [21], have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic injury. Nevertheless, the role of SNHG11 keeps unknown in IS progression.

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of SHNG11 in Dex-mediated neuroprotection. We hypothesized that Dex improved neurological injury by regulating SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis. Our study revealed the vital roles of SNHG11 in neurological injury, which might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for IS.

Materials and methods

Animals

The Sprague-Dawley rats (8-week-old, n = 24), obtained from Vital River Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China), were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): the Sham group, the MCAO group, the MCAO +oe-SNHG11 group, and the MCAO +oe-SNHG11+ Dex group. Then, a 6/0 surgical nylon monofilament was utilized to block the middle cerebral artery. 2 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), the surgical nylon monofilament was retracted to allow reperfusion. The Sham-operated rats were manipulated in the same way but without the insertion. In the MCAO +oe-SNHG11+ Dex group, Dex (100 μmol/kg) was administered intravenously outside the jugular at the initiation of reperfusion [22]. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Ninth people’s Hospital

Cell culture

SH-SY5Y cells are widely used as an in vitro model to study neuronal function [23–25]. Hence, SH-SY5Y cells were bought from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultivated in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and 100 U/mL penicillin at 37°C with 5% CO₂.

OGD/R treatment

SH-SY5Y cells were maintained in glucose-free DMEM medium for 4 h with the hypoxic atmosphere (95% N₂, 5% CO₂). Next, the medium was substituted with fresh DMEM medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and 10% FBS, and incubated for 12, 24, and 48 h under normoxic conditions (95% air and 5% CO₂) at 37°C [26].

Transfection

Short hairpin RNA targeting SNHG11 (sh-SNHG11), shNC, NC mimics, miR-324-3p mimics, pcDNA3.1 vectors, SNHG11 overexpression plasmid (oe-SNHG11), and VEGFA overexpression plasmid (oe-SNHG11) were synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from SH-SY5Y cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and reverse-transcribed to cDNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Takara). RT-qPCR was then performed using the SYBR Green kit (Applied Biosystems) on the ABI 7500 Real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). GAPDH or U6 was used as the internal control. The 2^−ΔΔCt method [27] was used to calculate the relative gene expression.

CCK-8 assay

SH-SY5Y cells (5 × 10³ cells/well) were seeded onto the 96-well plate. Then, CCK-8 solution (10 μL) was added to each well and incubated for another 2 h. The optical density (OD) value at the wave of 450 nm was assessed under a microplate reader (Bio-Rad) [28].

TUNEL assay

Cell apoptosis was inspected with the In Situ Cell Death Detection kit (Roche) [29]. Samples were immobilized with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100. Next, samples were dyed with the TUNEL reaction mixture (50 μl) and counterstained with DAPI. The fluorescence microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) was utilized to observe TUNEL-positive cells.

Detection of oxidative stress markers

Oxidative stress markers, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were detected using ELISA kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction [30].

RNA pull-down

Biotinylated SNHG11 sense (Bio-SNHG11 sense) and SNHG11 antisense (Bio-SNHG11 antisense) probes were acquired from Sangon (Shanghai, China). After mixing cell lysate, these above probes, and Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin (Invitrogen), the eluted RNAs were measured by RT-qPCR [31].

Luciferase reporter assay

The wild-type (Wt) or mutant-type (Mut) sequences of SNHG11 and VEGFA were sub-cloned into pmirGLO vectors (Promega). Then, NC mimics or miR-324-3p mimics were co-transfected with the above vectors into SH-SY5Y cells. The luciferase activity was measured by Dual-Luciferase Reporter System (Promega) [32].

RIP assay

The EZ-Magna RIP Kit (Millipore) was employed to conduct RIP assay [33]. The cell lysates and magnetic beads coated with anti-Ago2 or anti-IgG were mixed. After the incubation, the extracted RNAs were assessed with RT-qPCR.

Statistical analysis

Data were exhibited as mean± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed through SPSS 17.0 (SPSS). The comparisons in groups were assessed using student’s t-test or ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. P < 0.05 represented statistical significance.

Results

In our study, the IS model was established in vivo by MCAO and in vitro by OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y. It was found that SNHG11 expression was up-regulated in IS. Further exploration uncovered that Dex improved neurological injury by regulating the SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis.

Dexmedetomidine improved OGD/R-induced neurological injury

An in vitro cell model of IS was firstly established through treating SH-SY5Y cells with OGD/R. As displayed in Figure 1a, the cell viability was reduced after OGD/R treatment in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, SNHG11 expression was up-regulated with the increased treatment time of OGD/R (Figure 1b). OGD 4 h/reperfusion 24 h had the most significant changes. Therefore, OGD 4 h/reperfusion 24 h was used for subsequent experiments. Under treating with Dex with a dose-dependent effect, the cell viability was increased (Figure 1c). Besides, SNHG11 expression was decreased after Dex treatment (Figure 1d). These findings suggested that Dex (200 ng/ml) treatment had the most obvious effect. Next, we discovered that cell apoptosis was enhanced after OGD/R induction, but this effect could be restored by Dex treatment (Figure 1e). Moreover, OGD/R treatment considerably reduced the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, and increased the levels of MDA. However, these effects were reversed by Dex treatment (figure 1f). Taken together, SNHG11 was highly expressed in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells, and Dex improved OGD/R-treated neurological injury.

Figure 1. Dexmedetomidine improved OGD/R-induced neurological injury. (a) The cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells was tested through CCK-8 assay in the Control, OGD/R-6 h, OGD/R-12 h, OGD/R-24 h, OGD/R-48 h group. (b) SNHG11 expression was examined through RT-qPCR in the Control, OGD/R-6 h, OGD/R-12 h, OGD/R-24 h, OGD/R-48 h group. (c) The cell viability was measured through CCK-8 assay after treating with Dex (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ng/ml). (d) SNHG11 expression was assessed through RT-qPCR after in the Control, OGD/R-6 h, OGD/R-12 h, OGD/R-24 h, OGD/R-48 h group. (e) The cell apoptosis was measured through TUNEL assay in the Control, OGD/R, OGD/R+ saline, and OGD/R+ Dex groups. (f) The levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA were verified through the appropriate commercial kits in the Control, OGD/R, OGD/R+ saline, and OGD/R+ Dex groups. *P < 0.05

Dexmedetomidine reversed the effects of SNHG11 on neurological injury

To probe the role of SNHG11 in neurological injury, more experiments were carried out. CCK-8 indicated that the up-regulation of SNHG11 weakened the cell viability, but co-treating with Dex could relieve this effect (Figure 2a). Dex treatment reversed the enhanced cell apoptosis induced by SNHG11 overexpression (Figure 2b). Moreover, Dex treatment partially abolished the effect of SNHG11 up-regulation on the levels of OD, CAT, GSH-PX, and MDA (Figure 2c). These data demonstrated that Dex treatment reversed the effects of SNHG11 on the neurological injury.

Figure 2. Dexmedetomidine reversed the effects of SNHG11 on OGD/R-induced neurological injury. Groups were divided into the OGD/R+ oe-NC, OGD/R+ oe-SNHG11, and OGD/R+ oe-SNHG11+ Dex groups. (a) The cell viability was measured through CCK-8 assay. (b) The cell apoptosis was detected through TUNEL assay. (c) The levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and MDA were confirmed through the appropriate commercial kits. *P < 0.05

miR-324-3p was a target of SNHG11

Subsequently, starBase website was used to predict the downstream miRNAs of SNHG11. RNA pull-down assay indicated that miR-324-3p had the strongest binding ability to SNHG11 (Figure 3a). Moreover, miR-324-3p was lowly expressed in OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells (Figure 3b). RT-qPCR indicated that miR-324-3p expression was up-regulated in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells transfected with miR-324-3p mimics (Figure 3c). In addition, miR-324-3p overexpression decreased the luciferase activity of SNHG11-Wt reporters, but no change was observed in the luciferase activity of SNHG11-Mut reporters (Figure 3d). The above results demonstrated that SNHG11 could bind with miR-324-3p.

Figure 3. miR-324-3p is a target of SNHG11. (a) The potential miRNAs that could bind with SNHG11 were predicted through starBase website with the condition (CLIP Data: high stringency (≥3)). The binding ability of miRNAs to SNHG11 was confirmed through RNA pull-down assay. (b) MiR-324-3p expression was tested through RT-qPCR. (c) The overexpression efficiency of miR-324-3p was verified through RT-qPCR. (d) The binding ability between SNHG11 and miR-324-3p was detected through the luciferase reporter assay. *P < 0.05

SNHG11 regulated VEGFA level by targeting miR-324-3p

Through using starBase, the downstream targets of miR-324-3p were screened. VEGFA expression was obviously decreased after overexpressing miR-324-3p among these target genes (Figure 4a). Besides, the up-regulated VEGFA level was found in OGD/R-mediated SH-SY5Y (Figure 4b). Furthermore, the luciferase activity of VEGFA-Wt reporters was reduced by miR-324-3p overexpression, but that of VEGFA-Mut reporters had no change (Figure 4c). At last, RIP assay was performed, and it was uncovered that the enrichment of SNHG11, miR-324-3p, and VEGFA was discovered in the Ago2 group (Figure 4d). These data revealed that SNHG11 upregulated VEGFA expression by targeting miR-324-3p.

Figure 4. SNHG11 regulated VEGFA level by targeting miR-324-3p. (a) The downstream target genes (n = 11) were selected through starBase website with the condition (Degradome Data: high stringency (≥3)). The levels of target genes were confirmed after miR-324-3p mimics through RT-qPCR. (b) VEGFA expression was measured through RT-qPCR. (c) The binding ability between miR-324-3p and VEGFA was verified through the luciferase reporter assay. (d) The enrichment of SNHG11, miR-324-3p, and VEGFA was evaluated in RISC complex through RIP assay. *P < 0.05

SNHG11 affected OGD/R-induced neurological injury by regulating VEGFA

To confirm whether SNHG11 regulated OGD/R-induced neurological injury via VEGFA, rescue assays were performed. It was found that overexpression of VEGFA offset the increased cell viability mediated by silencing SNHG11 (Figure 5a). The cell apoptosis was reduced by SNHG11 suppression, but this effect was rescued by overexpressing VEGFA (Figure 5b). Additionally, VEGFA up-regulation attenuated the increased SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX levels as well as the decreased MDA levels induced by SNHG11 knockdown (Figure 5c). These results testified that SNHG11 regulated OGD/R-induced neurological injury through regulating VEGFA.

Figure 5. SNHG11 affected OGD/R-induced neurological injury by regulating VEGFA. Groups were divided into the OGD/R+ sh-NC, OGD/R+ sh-SNHG11, and OGD/R+ sh-SNHG11+ oe-VEGFA groups. (a) The cell viability was measured through CCK-8 assay. (b) The cell apoptosis was confirmed through TUNEL assay. (c) The levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and MDA were confirmed through the appropriate commercial kits. *P < 0.05

Dexmedetomidine improved neurological injury by regulating SNHG11 in vivo

To further explore the function of SNHG11 in Dex-mediated neuroprotection in IS, the IS model was established in vivo by MCAO. The cell apoptosis was enhanced in the MCAO group, and further strengthened in the MCAO +oe-SNHG11 group. Dex treatment could reverse the increased cell apoptosis induced by SNHG11 overexpression (Figure 6a). Moreover, the MCAO group showed a distinct reduction in SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX levels and a significant increase in MDA level, which was further strengthened by overexpressing SNHG11; however, Dex treatment partly attenuated the effects of SNHG11 up-regulation on SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and MDA levels (Figure 6b). To sum up, Dex improved neurological injury through regulating SNHG11 in the rat model.

Figure 6. Dexmedetomidine improved neurological injury by regulating SNHG11 in vivo. Groups were divided into the Sham, MCAO, MCAO +oe-SNHG11 and MCAO +oe-SNHG11+ Dex group. (a) The cell apoptosis was examined through TUNEL assay in the hippocampus of rat model. (b) The levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and MDA were confirmed through the appropriate commercial kits in the hippocampus of rat model. *P < 0.05

Discussion

Increasing evidence illustrates that Dex possesses neuroprotective effects in nervous system diseases [11–13]. Herein, we further explored the effects of Dex on IS-induced neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo. Our findings confirmed that Dex significantly improved neuronal injury. Previous studies indicated SNHG11 participated in the pathogenesis of various diseases [34–36], but its role in IS progression is undefined. In our work, we found that SNHG11 was highly expressed in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, Dex reversed the effects of SNHG11 on OGD/R-induced neurological injury.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of highly conserved ncRNAs with 20–25 nucleotides in length [37,38], also play a crucial role in IS progression. For instance, repression of miR-497 promotes neuronal autophagy to improve functional outcome after IS [39]. Suppression of miR-19a modulates neuronal apoptosis and glucose metabolism to protect neurons against IS [40]. MiR-145 regulates the MAPK pathway to protect neuronal stem cells in cerebral IS rat [41]. MiR-324-3p has been disclosed to be involved in many diseases progression. For example, miR-324-3p targets TGF-β1 to modulate fibroblast proliferation in atrial fibrillation [42]. In addition, miR-324-3p targets WNT2B to retard nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression [43]. Besides, SNHG22 contributes to the malignant phenotypes of breast cancer by regulating miR-324-3p [44]. However, the association between SNHG11 and miR-324-3p in IS is unknown. In our study, miR-434-3p was verified to bind with SNHG11.

Accumulating studies have proved that lncRNAs act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by specifically adsorbing miRNAs, and then regulate the expression of target genes [45–47]. For instance, LncRNA LOC100912373 acts as a ceRNA to contribute to fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis via miR-17-5p/PDK1 axis [48]. LncRNA NEAT1 regulates miR-124/BACE1 axis in Alzheimer’s disease progression [49]. LncRNA GAS5 sponges miR-221 to modulate SIRT1 and suppresses diabetic nephropathy progression [50]. Herein, VEGFA was confirmed as a downstream target of miR-324-3p. Additionally, previous researches reported that VEGFA was implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including IS [51–53]. In terms of ceRNA regulatory mechanisms, we discovered that SNHG11 up-regulated VEGFA expression by targeting miR-324-3p. Through rescue assays, it was verified that SNHG11 regulated OGD/R-induced neurological injury via VEGFA. At last, Dex was also revealed to improve neurological injury through regulating SNHG11 in the rat model.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that Dex improved OGD/R-induced neurological injury by regulating SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis. However, there were several limitations in this study. Firstly, the downstream effectors or signaling pathways related to the SNHG11/miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis must be further investigated. Secondly, the interaction between Dex and SNHG11 will be further explored in future study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).