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ABSTRACT
The chaetotaxy distribution pattern of surface nerve sensilla on the surface of both Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium was studied after exposure to silver nitrate treatment followed by light. This distribution pattern could not be achieved earlier due to namelessness, crowded nerve sensilla and twist of most parasites. In S. mansoni, silver impregnation technique displays nerves as ventral nerve cord, ventral sucker nerve that branches to three rings which innervate the ventral sucker. This technique shows the oral sucker ring, ring commissures and bipolar or multipolar nerve cells detected dorsally. In S. haematbium, nerves stained in S. mansoni were also stained in addition to the oral nerve and oral sucker ring. Furthermore, a number of crucial nerves were identified and their innervations to relevant organs were thoroughly examined. A confocal anti-FMRF amide technique was applied to whole-mount worms of both species. In addition to the general tegumental muscles stated previously and stated in this research specific nerves were also described and referred to a specific organ that assumed to innervate. In conclusion, the findings of the current study differentiate between S. mansoni and S. mansoni using chaetotaxy map as a step for spotlighting on FMRF amidergic components as antihelmintic target in future.
List of abbreviations
| (CG) | = | Cereberal ganglia |
| (VS) | = | Ventral sucker |
| (VN) | = | Ventral sucker nerve |
| (VNC) | = | Ventral nerve cord |
| (OR) | = | Oral sucker ring |
| (RC) | = | Ring commissures |
| (AVC) | = | Anteroventral connectives |
| (VR) | = | Ventral sucker rings |
| (NS) | = | Nerve sensilla |
| (EGC) | = | Gynaecophoral canal edge |
| (NB) | = | Nerve branches |
| (OS) | = | Oral sucker |
| (ON) | = | oral sucker nerve |
| (DC1) | = | dorsal connective |
| (EN) | = | Edge nerve |
| (DC) | = | Dorsal connective |
| (LNC) | = | Lateral nerve cord |
| (VNC) | = | Ventral nerve cord |
| (VLC) | = | Ventrolateral connectives |
| (CMN) | = | Circular muscles nerves |
| (T) | = | Tubercles |
| (DC) | = | Dorsal connectives |
| (GC) | = | gynaecophoral canal |
| (IDNC) | = | Inner dorsal nerve cord |
| (EP) | = | Excretory pore |
| (E) | = | Eggs |
| (UW) | = | Uterus wall |
| (NC) | = | Nerve cell |
| (OӦ) | = | Oӧtype |
| (GK) | = | Ganglion knots |
| (DV) | = | Dorsoventral muscle fibers |
| (C) | = | Circular muscle fibers |
| (L) | = | Longitudinal muscle fibers |
| (TR) | = | Transverse muscle fibers |
| (SSM) | = | Surface sensillae muscle |
| (O) | = | Oesophagus muscle |
| (IT) | = | Intestinal tract |
| (RM) | = | Radial muscles |
| (CM) | = | Circular muscles |
| (LM) | = | Longitudinal muscles |
| (VCO) | = | Ventral connective |
| (RC1, RC2) | = | Ring commissures |
| (LN) | = | Pharyngeal lapel nerve |
| (SSN) | = | Surface sensilla nerve |
| (EV) | = | Execratory vesicle |
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Dr. Ramadan El-Naggar, Ass. Prof. in Literature- Dept. of English- Faculty of Science and Humanities- Shawra University, KSA for revision of our paper (language and grammer).
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
Prof. ASE & ESR participated in the design of the study and reviewed the final editing of the manuscript. Associate Prof. EAE conceived of the study; participated in its design, getting the worms, preparation process and helped to draft & final revision of the manuscript. SME performed the preparation process of worms and participated in the photographing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethical approval
All deals with animals in this study were carried out according to international valid guidelines of experimental animal studies and research protocol was approved by the local ethical committee of the faculty of Science, Mansoura University with code number Sci-Z-P-2022-118.