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Notes
1. The same pattern of autonomous and powerful bureaucracies directing economic policy was als found in some more fully democratic regimes such as Japan.
2. This pattern is not dissimilar to the developmental states of Asia that also had military or quasi-military leaders at least for part of the time when development was being pushed most strongly.
3. Regimes may choose to do this without justifying it through the use of the NPM paradigm – it is simply another means of gaining enhanced control. The same strategy may be undertaken by populist leaders, many of whom have had authoritarian tendencies, in democratic regimes under threat of backsliding (see Bauer et al., Citation2021).
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Notes on contributors
B. Guy Peters
B.Guy Peters is Maurice Falk Professor of Government at the University of Pittsburgh, and founding President of the International Public Policy Association. He holds a PhD degree from Michigan State University and has honorary doctorates from four European universities. He is currently editor of the International Review of Public Policy and associate editor of the Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis. His most recent books include Administrative Traditions: Understanding the Roots of Contemporary Administrative Behavior (Oxford, 2022) and Democratic Backsliding and Public Administration (Cambridge, 2022).