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Original Articles

A systemic centenary of Russian poetic translation

 

Abstract

This article analyses systemic properties of Russian poetic translation as exemplified by the online collection Vek perevoda [A Century of Translation]. The compiler of the collection, the poet and translator Evgenii Vitkovskii (Witkowsky), describes Russian poetic translation as distinct from Russian original poetry. This is the principle, which governs Vitkovskii’s treatment of his collection. Drawing on ethnomethodology, Vitkovskii’s vision of Russian poetic translation is interpreted as a view from inside. Vitkovskii’s description can also be interpreted as a vision of Russian poetic translation as a systemic phenomenon. To test the viability of such vision, Luhmann’s social systems theory has been applied.

Notes

2. Certainly, Luhmann as a sociologist focuses not on biological systems but on social systems. Yet he himself explained social systems by comparing them with biological systems.

3. A comprehensive collection of Russian original poetry published in 1999 which served as a model for Vitkovskii’s collection of translated poetry (see more about the relationship between the two collections below).

4. Baltrušaitis (1873–1944) was a Lithuanian poet and translator.

5. Zerov (1890–1937) was a Russian-Ukrainian poet and translator. His given name was Nikolai in Russian and Mykola in Ukrainian. By juxtaposing the Russian and Ukrainian variants of Zerov’s given name, Vitkovskii shows these two linguistic-cultural sides of the poet’s literary profile.

6. Kachurovskii (1918–2013) was a Russian-Ukrainian poet and translator.

7. In Russian: В отличие от “Строф века” Евгения Евтушенко […] в “Веке перевода” я не принял во внимание то, какова национальность поэта и какой язык для него – родной. В этой антологии есть переводы Юргиса Балтрушайтиса – и переводы из Юргиса Балтрушайтиса, с литовского. Есть переводы Николая Зерова – и переводы из Миколы Зерова, с украинского. Есть переводы Игоря Качуровского – и переводы из Качуровского. (All translations are mine—S.T.).

8. In Russian: [П]еревод – все-таки поэзия, притом сильно отличающаяся от «оригинальной» (представленной в серии «Итоги века» томом, составленным Евгением Евтушенко), – именно этот факт вполне проиллюстрирован сайтом «Век перевода», выросшим […] из антологии «Строфы века–2».

9. Cf. Mayakovsky’s early poems in which he claimed his status as a poet as in the poem А все-таки (1914, And yet): “Но меня не осудят, но меня не облают, /как пророку, цветами устелят мне след./Все эти, провалившиеся носами, знают: /я – ваш поэт.” (“But I won’t be judged, but I won’t be barked at, /they will cover my footsteps, like those of a prophet, with flowers./All these [syphilitics] with their fallen-in noses know: /I am your poet.”).

10. Cf. Mayakovsky’s startling athropomorphised imagery as in the following description of a sunset over a city: “[…] крикнул аэроплан и упал туда, / где у раненого солнца вытекал глаз” (Адище города, 1913; The Hell of the City: “[A]n airplane screamed and fell down there/where the wounded sun’s eye was oozing out”).

12. For example, a large online collection of Russian original limericks can be found at http://www.ark.ru/ins/zapoved/zapoved/limeriki-belkin.html.

13. In Russian: Поэтический перевод не русскими поэтами придуман, но в ХХ веке он стал для русских поэтов чем-то вроде национального российского жанра. Отнюдь не только потому, что цензура мешала печатать «свое» – иначе откуда бы такое количество замечательных переводов, сделанных до 1917 года «в стол», выполненных в эмиграции, тысячи и тысячи стихотворений, переведенных в России, но без малейшей надежды на публикацию? Словом, мы не знаем, отчего русских поэтов-переводчиков теперь, когда ХХ век давно закончился, приходится считать на многие сотни. Несколько книг-антологий, изданных по этому вопросу, ничего не проясняют. Перед нами просто факт, огромное явление, требующее изучения. Многие занимались этим явлением как теоретики. Мы обращаемся к нему прежде всего как историки.

14. The discussion of the different periods of RPT that follows draws on Vitkovskii’s views. Vitkovskii’s view is analysed here ethnomethodologically as an internal systemic view; alternative scholarly accounts of the Soviet period of literary translation in general and poetic translation in particular as well as of theoretical discussions of translation can be found in Azov (Citation2013), Baer (Citation2011), CitationBurak (Citation2013), Burnett and Lygo (Citation2013), Friedberg (Citation1977, Citation1997), and Leighton (Citation1991).

15. The notion of “Silver Age” is controversial amongst historians of the Russian literature. Firstly, it is hardly helpful in deciding which of the literary phenomena of the turn of the twentieth century (associated by the contemporaries as fin de siècle) and on what basis should be viewed as belonging to the Silver Age. Secondly, the term “silver” may be understood as implying inferiority to Pushkin’s Golden Age, while the comparison of literary works of different epochs in terms of superiority/inferiority is always questionable. (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_literature/5383/Серебряный) The term is used here because Vitkovskii uses it. Vitkovskii’s evaluative connotation implying that gold is superior than silver is also retained (see below).

16. […C]тихи подписывались именами жен и друзей […] Переводы Иосифа Бродского частично выходили под именами В. Корнилова и Н. Котрелева, переводы Юлия Даниэля (из Варужана и Аполлинера, возможно, и не только из них) — под именем Булата Окуджавы. Мне далеко ходить не надо: переводы из нидерландских поэтов XVII века […] шли за подписью моей второй жены Надежды Мальцевой; то же было и с поэтами Люксембурга ХХ века — да мало ли таких случаев.

17. As a variation, a language may take upon itself the function of a “treasurer” for cultural, rather than political reasons: cf. the German Romantic programme of translation (Berman Citation1992 [1984]).

18. Bourdieu distinguished between the following four types of capital: economic (money), cultural (knowledge, aesthetic values), social (networks) and symbolic (education or professional credentials, status); Citation2006 [1986], 115). Bourdieu’s classification is not exhaustive or stable. Sometimes capital is seen as either economic or non-economic, that is, cultural. What I term “political-ideological” capital is closer to symbolic capital in Bourdieu’s classification.

19. In Russian: О Джемсе Клиффорде мы теперь знаем наверняка, что его никогда не существовало. Владимир Лифшиц выдумал английского поэта, родившегося в один год с ним, 1913, как аltеr еgо, как способ освободиться и от цензурно-редакторских, и от привычных стилистических ограничений.

20. This is in marked contrast with the situation I described elsewhere (see Tyulenev Citation2011): in the case of translations made by women (in Russian literary history), the systemic features were imposed by feminist scholars rather than by representatives of the system itself. Upon closer inspection, it turned out that this imposition was hardly legitimate and was prompted by extra-scholarly reasons.

21. The educational ethos permeates RPT and VP. For instance, in the introductory comment about the translator Elizbar Ananiashvili (1912–2000), Vitkovskii mentions the translator’s advice to younger translators: Ananiashvili, “educating younger translators, taught them that to become a translating machine is detrimental to one’s inspiration” (http://vekperevoda.com/1900/eananiashvili.htm; in Russian: “Ананиашвили перевел немного с каждого и, воспитывая молодежь, убеждал ее, что превращаться в переводческую машину – пагубно для вдохновения.”).

22. In Russian: Тут мы подходим к самому существенному: зачем вообще Пастернак, Цветаева, Ахматова и большая часть поэтов серебряного века именно переводили: есть множество способов заработать те небольшие деньги, которые поэтический перевод давал.

23. In Russian: “Ведь нужно быть мертвым, чтобы предпочесть деньги” (Vitkovskii cites Tsvetaeva’s diary entry as quoted in Belkina (Citation1992, 243), although the page reference “42, 43” is inaccurate).

24. In Russian: Ибо для чего ж я так стараюсь нынче над … вчера над … завтра над … и вообще над слабыми, несуществующими поэтами – так же, как над существующими, над Кнапгейс [in Belkina Citation1992, 243 “Кнап Гейс”] – как над Бодлером? Первое – невозможность. Невозможность – иначе. Привычка – всей жизни.

25. Certainly, as we have seen, foreign texts may be fake or non-existent, but they should be named nonetheless, in order to create the illusion of triple framing.

26. The terms “primary” and “secondary” do not have any axiological connotation. Primariness vs. secondariness in this case characterises systems in relation to their origin. The majority of social systems are secondary in nature. Primary systems, such as politics, economy, law, art, education, are fewer, whereas secondary systems are indeed numerous and are different combinations of primary systems. Translator training, for instance, is a combination of the systems of education and translation. Secondary systems may be even at the intersection of several primary systems: translator training can be thought of as an intersection of education, translation, politics (in that translators may be trained within a more or less heavily ideologically charged political context) and the economy (when financial aspects of translator training are taken into account).

27. It goes without saying that VP cannot be seen as tantamount to the entire system of RPT; rather it can be viewed as the latter’s representation, and only this property of VP allows theorising the entire system of RPT based on an analysis of VP.

28. “[… T]he theorem of differentiation posits a crucial accent, if not the main criterion for distinguishing modern society from its predecessors. […] A first step […] is to describe modern society as a functionally differentiated system. Generally speaking, this means that the orientation toward specific functions (or problems) of the social system catalyzes the formation of subsystems that dominate the face of society” (Luhmann Citation2000, 133, 134).

30. In Russian: Переводить надо прежде всего то, что до сих пор не было переведено.

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