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Abstract
In this paper, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzification of the concept of p-ideals in BCI-algebras and investigate some of their properties. Intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideals are connected with intuitionistic fuzzy ideals and intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebras. Moreover, intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideals are characterized using level subsets, homomorphic pre-images, and intuitionistic fuzzy ideal extensions.
Public Interest Statement
This paper considers the intuitionistic fuzzification of the concept of p-ideals in BCI-algebras. Intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideals are related with simple intuitionistic fuzzy ideals with the help of examples and their characterizations are discussed using the ideas of level subsets, homomorphic pre-images, and intuitionistic fuzzy ideal extensions. This article can be helpful in solving many decision-making problems.
1. Introduction
The operations of union, intersection, and the set difference are the most elementary operations of set theory. The study of these operations leads to the creation of a number of branches of algebra, for instance the notion of Boolean algebra is a result of generalization of these three operations and their properties. Also, the algebraic structures of distributive lattices, semi-rings, upper and lower semi-lattices are introduced on the basis of properties of intersection and union. Till 1966, different algebraic structures were discussed using the properties of intersection and union but the operation of set difference and its properties remained unexplored. Imai and Iséki (II1) considered the properties of set difference and presented the idea of a BCK-algebra. Iséki, in the same year, generalized BCK-algebras and presented the notion of BCI-algebras. BCK-algebras are inspired by BCK logic, i.e. an implicational logic based on modus ponens and the following axioms scheme:
Similarly, BCI-algebras are inspired by BCI logic.
In the present era, uncertainty is one of the definitive changes in science. The traditional view is that uncertainty is objectionable in science and science should endeavor for certainty through all conceivable means. At present, it is believed that uncertainty is vigorous for science that is not only an inevitable epidemic but also has great effectiveness. The statistical method, particularly the probability theory, was the first type of this approach to study the physical process at the molecular level as the existing computational approaches were not able to meet the enormous number of units involved in Newtonian mechanics. Till mid-twentieth century, probability theory was the only tool for handling certain type of uncertainty called randomness. But there are several other kinds of uncertainties, one such type is called “vagueness” or “imprecision” which is inherent in our natural languages.
During the world war II, the development of computer technology assisted quite effectively in overcoming many complicated problems. But later, it was realized that complexity can be handled up to a certain limit, that is, there are complications which cannot be overcome by human skills or any computer technology. Then, the problem was to deal with such type of complications where no computational power is effective. Zadeh (Z1) put forward his idea of fuzzy set theory which is considered to be the most suitable tool in overcoming the uncertainties. The concept of fuzzy set was suggested to achieve a simplified modeling of complex systems. The application of basic operations as direct generalization of complement, intersection, and union for characteristic function was also proposed as a result of this idea. This theory is considered as a substitute of probability theory and is widely used in solving decision-making problems. Later, this “fuzziness” concept led to the highly acclaimed theory of fuzzy logic. This theory has been applied with a good deal of success to many areas of engineering, economics, medical science, etc., to name a few, with great efficiency.
After the invention of fuzzy sets, many other hybrid concepts begun to develop. Atanassov (At3) generalized the fuzzy sets by presenting the idea of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, a set with each member having a degree of belongingness as well as a degree of non-belongingness. Davvaz, Abdulmula, and Salleh (D1), Senapati, Bhowmik, Pal, and Davvaz (D2), Cristea, Davvaz, and Sadrabadi (D3) discussed Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy hyperrings (rings) based on intuitionistic fuzzy universal sets, Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy translations of intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebras and ideals in BCK/BCI-algebras and special intuitionistic fuzzy subhypergroups of complete hypergroups. Mursaleen, Srivastava, and Sharma (M2) defined certain new spaces of statistically convergent and strongly summable sequences of fuzzy numbers.
Jun and Meng (JM1) discussed the idea of fuzzy p-ideals in BCI-algebras and proved the basic properties. In this paper, we introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideals in BCI-algebras and investigate some of its properties.
2. Preliminaries
An algebra of type (2, 0) is called a BCI-algebra if it satiates the following axioms (Imai & Iséki, II1):
In a BCI-algebra, a partial ordering “” is demarcated as,
. In a BCI-algebra
, the set
is a subalgebra and is called the BCK-part of
.
is called proper if
. Otherwise it is improper. Moreover, in a BCI-algebra, the succeeding axioms hold:
A mapping of BCI-algebras is called a homomorphism if
, for any
.
Definition 1.1 An “intuitionistic fuzzy set” (IFS) in a non-empty set
is an object having the form
, where the mappings
and
signify the “degree of membership” and the “degree of non-membership” and
for all
(Jun & Kim, Jkaa).
An in
can be identified to an ordered pair
in
. In the sequel,
will be used instead of the notation
and
will be a “BCI-algebra.”
Definition 1.2 An in
is called an “intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra” of
if it satisfies (Jun & Kim, Jkaa):
Proposition 1.3 Any “intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra”
of
satisfies the inequalities (Jun & Kim, Jkaa):
Definition 1.4 An
in
is called an “intuitionistic fuzzy ideal” (IFI) of
if it satisfies the following inequalities (Jun & Kim, Jkaa):
An in
is called an “intuitionistic fuzzy closed ideal” of
if it satisfies
,
and
and
for all
.
Proposition 1.5 Any IFI of a BCK-algebra is an intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra of
(Jun & Kim, Jkaa).
Lemma 1.6 Let be an IFI of
. If the inequality
holds in
, then,
and
(Jun & Kim, Jkaa).
Lemma 1.7 Let be an IFI of
. If the inequality
holds in
, then
and
, that is
is order reversing, while
is order preserving (Jun & Kim, Jkaa).
Theorem 1.8 Let be an IFI of
.
If and
for all
, then
is an
of
(Satyanarayana, Madhavi, & Prasad, BB1).
Definition 1.9 Let be an IFS in a BCK-algebra
and
. Then, the IFS
defined by
is called the extension of
by (a, b). If
, then it is denoted by
.
3. Intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideal
An in
is called an “intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideal” (
) of
if it satisfies:
Example 1.10 Let
be a BCI-algebra defined by the following Cayley table:
Define an in
as:
where and
.
By routine calculations, it is easy to verify that is an
of
.
An in
is called an “intuitionistic fuzzy closed p-ideal” (or
) of
if it satisfies
,
and
and
, for all
.
Theorem 1.11 Any of
is an IFI of
.
Proof Assume that is an intuitionistic fuzzy p-ideal of X. Then by definition, we have:
putting z = 0, we get
Hence, is an IFI of
.
Whereas, the converse of this theorem may not be true. For this, consider the following example.
Example 1.12 Consider the BCI-algebra with the following Cayley table:
Define an in
by:
where and
.
By routine calculations, it is easy to verify that is an IFI of
, but it is not an
of
because:
Theorem 1.13 Any
of
is an intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra of
.
Proof Since any of
is an IFI of
and every IFI of
is an intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra of
, every
of
is an intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra of
. Whereas, the converse is not true and can be examined by considering the Example 3.3.
Theorem 1.14 Let be an IFI of
. Then, the following conditions are equivalent:
(1) |
| ||||
(2) |
| ||||
(3) |
|
Now putting and
, we get
(
) Let
and
.
Since by 1.2.2, .
Therefore by Lemma 2.7,
Therefore, we have
which is the required condition.
() Let
and
.
Now
Therefore by using Lemma 2.6, we get
Since and
Thus, we get
that is
Hence, is an
of
.
Lemma 1.15 An is an
of
if and only if
and
are fuzzy p-ideals of
.
Proof Suppose that is an
of
. Then,
Also and
for all
.
Then, clearly is a fuzzy p-ideal of
.
Moreover,
Hence, is also a fuzzy p-ideal of
.
Conversely, suppose that and
are fuzzy p-ideals of
. Then
and
. Also
and
.
Then, .
Also
Hence, an
of
.
Lemma 1.16 An is an
of a BCI-algebra
if and only if
and
are fuzzy closed p-ideals of
.
Proof Suppose that is an
of
. Then, it satisfies
,
, and
; that is
and
for all
.
Then, it is clear that is fuzzy closed p-ideal of
. For
it can be easily verified as done earlier in Lemma that
for all
. It is therefore required to show only
.
Since is also a fuzzy closed p-ideal of
.
Conversely, let and
be fuzzy closed p-ideals of
. Then,
and
for all
.
Moreover, and
Hence, is an
of
.
Theorem 1.17 An is an
of
if and only if
and
are
of
.
Proof Suppose that is an
of a
. Then by Lemma ,
and
are fuzzy p-ideals of
, i.e.
and
are fuzzy p-ideals of
. Therefore by Lemma 3.6,
and
are
of
.
Conversely, suppose that and
are
of
. Then by Lemma ,
and
are fuzzy p-ideals of
. Therefore by Lemma 3.6,
is an
of
.
Theorem 1.18 An is an
of
if and only if
and
are
of
.
Proof Suppose that is an
of
. Then by Lemma ,
and
are fuzzy closed p-ideals of
, i.e.
and
are fuzzy closed p-ideals of
. Therefore by Lemma 3.7,
and
are
of
.
Conversely, suppose that and
are
of
. Then by Lemma 3.7,
and
are fuzzy closed p-ideals of
. Therefore by Lemma 3.7,
is an
of
.
The transfer principle for fuzzy sets described in Kondo and Dudek (KD1) suggests the following theorem.
Theorem 1.19 An is an
of
if and only if the non-empty upper t-level cut
and the non-empty lower s-level cut
are p-ideals of
for any
.
Proof Suppose that an is an
of a
. Since
,
. So for any
we have
. Now let
and
. Then,
and
. Since
min
is p-ideal of
. Similarly, we can prove that
is a p-ideal of
.
Conversely, suppose that the non-empty upper t-level cut and the non-empty lower s-level cut
are p-ideals of
for any
. If possible, assume that there exists some
such that
and
.
Put , then
and 0 does not belong to
which is a contradiction to the fact that
is a p-ideal of
. Therefore, we must have
for all
. Similarly, by putting
, we can prove that
for all
.
If possible, assume that there exists some such that
.
Put , then
and
, whereas
does not belong to
which is a contradiction to the fact that
is a p-ideal of
. Therefore,
min
for all
. Similarly, we can prove that
for all
. Hence,
is an
of
.
Theorem 1.20 An is an
of
if and only if the non-empty upper t-level cut
and the non-empty lower s-level cut
are closed p-ideals of
for any
.
Proof Suppose that an is an
of
. Then,
and
for all
.
Since ,
. So for any
we have
. Similarly for any
, we have
. Hence,
and
are closed p-ideals of
.
Conversely, suppose that the non-empty upper t-level cut and the non-empty lower s-level cut
are closed p-ideals of
for any
. We want to show that
is an
of
. It is enough to show that
and
for all
. If possible, assume that there exists some
such that
. Take
, then
, whereas
does not belong to
which is a contradiction to the fact that
is a closed p-ideal of
. Therefore, we must have
for all
. Similarly, we can prove that
for all
. Hence,
is an
of
.
Theorem 1.21 Let be a collection of p-ideals of
such that
(1) |
| ||||
(2) |
|
Proof By Theorem 3.11, it is sufficient to prove that and
are p-ideals of
. To prove that
is a p-ideal of
, we divide the proof into the following two cases:
(1) | |||||
(2) |
For the case (2), we claim that . If
, then
for some
. It follows that
, so that
. This shows that
. Now assume that
,then
for all
. Since
, there exists some
such that
. Hence,
for all
which means that
if
. Thus,
and so
. Therefore,
and that
which is a p-ideal of
.
Next, we prove that is a p-ideal of
. For this, we divide the proof into the following two cases:
(1) | |||||
(2) |
For the case (2), we state that . If
, then
for some
. Thus,
, so that
. This shows that
. Now assume that
, then
for all
. Since
,
such that
. Hence,
for all
which means that
if
. Thus,
and so
. Therefore,
and that
which is a p-ideal of
. This completes the proof.
Theorem 1.22 If is an
of
, then the sets
and
are p-ideals of
.
Proof Since ,
and
implies
and
,
and
. Now, let
and
. Then,
and
.Since
min
. But
. Therefore,
. It follows that
for all
. Hence, J is a p-ideal of
. Similarly, we can prove that K is a p-ideal of
.
Definition 1.23 Let f be a mapping on a set X and be an IFS in X. Then, the fuzzy sets u and v on f(X) defined by
and
, for all
, are called the images of A under f. If u, v are fuzzy sets in f(X), then the fuzzy sets
and
are called the pre-images of u and v under f.
Theorem 1.24 Let be an onto homomorphism of BCI-algebras. If
is an
of BCI-algebra
, then the pre-image of
under f is an
of X.
Proof Let an where
and
be the pre-image of
under f. Since
is an
of
, we have
and
. On the other hand,
and
. Therefore,
and
, for all
. Now we show that
min
and
for all
.
Now min
for all
.
Since f is an onto homomorphism, there exists some such that
and
, respectively. Thus,
.
Therefore, the result is true for all
because
,
are arbitrary elements of
and f is an onto mapping. Similarly, we can prove that
for all
.
Hence, the pre-image of
under f is an
of X.
Definition 1.25 Let be a homomorphism of BCI-algebras. For any
in
, we define a new
in
by
,
for all
. If
is a homomorphism of BCI-algebras, then
.
Theorem 1.26 Let be a homomorphism of BCI-algebras. If an
in
is an
of
, then the
in
is an
of
.
Proof We first have that
Let . Then
Similarly,
Hence, in
is an
of
.
Theorem 1.27 Let be an epimorphism of BCI-algebras and
be in
. If
is an
of
, then
is an
of
.
Proof For any ,
, s.t,
,
,
.
Then for any ,
Now
Similarly,
Hence, is an
of
.
A BCK-algebra is said to be positive implicative if it satisfies for all
:
Theorem 1.28 Let an
be
of a “positive implicative BCK-algebra”
and
. Then, the extension
of
by
is also an
of
.
Proof Let be
of a “positive implicative BCK-algebra”
and
. Let
. Then, we have
Moreover, .
Similarly, .
Hence, the extension of
by
is an
of
.
Corollary 1.29 Let an be
of a “positive implicative BCK-algebra”
and
. Then, the extension
of
by
is also an
of
.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Muhammad Touqeer
This article is an application of intuitionistic fuzzy sets to p-ideals in BCI-algebras. We have also worked out applications of intuitionistic fuzzy sets to BCI-commutative, BCI-implicative, and BCI-positive implicative ideals in BCI-algebras and discussed their relationship. Moreover, the study has been extended by applying hyperstructures and soft sets to these ideals.
References
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