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Abstract
Many researches have been conducted to provide theoretical explanations and/or empirical evidence of how globalization affects environmental quality. However, theoretical explanations have not reached consensus, empirical research has not yet clarified the possible effects in developing countries particularly. For Saudi Arabia from 1981 to 2018, we tested the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC). We studied the impact of globalization on the ecological footprint (ECP) relying on the QARDL approach. Four globalization indicators are used namely: social (GLOBS), economic (GLOBE), political (GLOBP), and total globalization (GLOBG). Based on QARDL results, it appears that all quantiles show a statistically significant and negative sign for error correction parameter. These results affirm that the related variables and ecological footprint in Saudi Arabia are reverting to a long-term equilibrium. In the long-run, the results of the study suggest that GLOBG, as well as GLOBE, will lead to increased ECP across all the quantiles. However, the fluctuations in GLOBP and GLOBS negatively affect ecological footprint in higher quantiles. Additionally, the QARDL results confirmed that the Saudi economy has an inverted U-Shaped curve. In the short-run, ECP is negatively affected by four globalization indicators in middle and upper quantiles. Sustainable development and environmental policy can be advanced using the guidelines found in this research. Based on the findings, the government and political system in Saudi Arabia should pay more attention to global and economic globalization to achieve sustainable environmental goals in the long run.
Reviewing Editor:
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful for the debt of scientific research at the King Saud University represented by the research center at the College of Business Administration (CBA) to support this research. The authors also thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University for their technical support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Correction Statement
This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Abdullah Al-Malki
Abdullah Al-Malki is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His main fields of specialization are Financial Economics, Labor Economics, Education Economics. He published several articles in international peer-reviewed indexed journals, including Applied Economics.
Mehdi Abid
Mehdi Abid is an Associate Professor at the Department of Finance and Investment, College of Business, Jouf University, Skaka, Saudi Arabia. His research areas cover, among others, natural resources management, energy and environmental economics and the economics of informality. His work has appeared in journals such as Energy Policy, Energy Reports, Resources policy, journal of Environmental Management, Sustainable Cities and Society, among others.
Habib Sekrafi
Habib Sekrafi is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Jendouba University, Tunisia. His main fields of specialization are development economics, international economics, environmental and climate economics and sustainable development. He published several articles in international peer-reviewed indexed journals, including Information Technology for Development, Energy Reports, and Resources Policy.
Nasareldeen Hamed Ahmed Alnor
Nasareldeen Hamed Ahmed Alnor is associate Professor at the Department of Accounting, College of Business, Jouf University, Skaka, Saudi Arabia. He published several articles in international peer-reviewed indexed journals, including WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics.