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Articles

Germany and Austro-Hungary: the cartography of the defeated

Pages 308-335 | Received 20 Apr 2018, Accepted 02 Jul 2018, Published online: 02 Sep 2018
 

ABSTRACT

Even cautiously extrapolated, Germany printed about eight hundred million map sheets between 1914 and 1918, and its principal brother-in-arms Austria-Hungary about another 65 million. The French printed 40 million and the British 32 million (Eckert 1925:807). Arguably, this places Germany well ahead of all countries participating in the Great War (Espenhorst 2016: 126). Therefore, it is evident that this article can only be a concentrated survey of the Mittelmächte (central powers) wartime cartography. It begins with an assessment of their mapping position on the eve of the outbreak of hostilities, then goes on to discuss large-scale trench maps, which served tactical combat. However, of greater importance, for planning of military operations, were operational maps on a smaller scale. A completely new field for cartography were aeronautical charts of wide-ranging scales extending from the theatres of war bordering the North Sea to the vast areas of central Russia. To dig deeper to the actual trench level at least on two occasions, this article includes two case studies: The first showing how the surveying sections of various German armies on the western front developed their tactical trench maps. The second introduces a simple but effective targeting board devised for artillerists.

RÉSUMÉ

Même extrapolé avec prudence, l’Allemagne a imprimé environ 800 millions de cartes entre 1914 et 1918 et son principal allié l’Autriche-Hongrie environ 65 millions. Les Français ont en imprimé 40 millions et les Anglais 32 millions (Eckert 1925:807). On peut dire que cela place l’Allemagne bien en tête de tous les pays ayant participé à la grande guerre (Espenhorst 2016: 126). Par conséquent cet article est une étude centrée sur la cartographie en temps de guerre du pouvoir central (Mittlemächte). Le papier commence par une évaluation de la situation cartographique à la veille de l’ouverture des hostilités, puis se poursuit par une discussion sur les cartes de tranchées, cartes à grande échelle qui ont servi au combat tactique. Cependant pour la planification des opérations militaires, il est encore plus important de disposer de cartes opérationnelles à plus petite échelle. Un domaine totalement nouveau de la cartographie concerne les cartes aéronautiques d’échelles étendues allant des théâtres de guerre bordant la mer du Nord aux vastes étendues de la Russie centrale. Par ailleurs, pour creuser plus profondément le niveau des tranchées, au moins à deux occasions, des cartes spécifiques étaient réalisées et nous présentons deux cas d’études. Le premier montre comment les cartographes des différentes armées allemandes sur le front ouest ont développé leurs cartes tactiques des tranchées. Le deuxième présente un support de ciblage simple mais efficace pour les artilleurs.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Dr Markus Heinz at the Map Collection of Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and Helmut Jäger, Munic, and Thomas Knoll from the archives of the former Militärgeographisches Institut (Vienna) and Winfried Schrödter, retired from German Bundeswehr (Federal Forces), for support and encouragement.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Jürgen Espenhorst For more than twenty years, the author researched German cartographic history in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. Major scholarly contributions do include his publications on German hand atlases (Andree, Stieler, Meyer & Co, 1994/95 and Petermann’s Planet, 2003/08). In 2005, he initiated the Internationale Atlas-Tage, an annual conference on atlases of German origins to offer a platform of exchange for collectors and all interested in in that subject.

Notes

1 British and Canadian forces used similar wooden structures: http://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1335394/.

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