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Articles

The legends of topographical men: the American army and mapmaking in World War I

Pages 272-284 | Received 20 Apr 2018, Accepted 03 Aug 2018, Published online: 20 Aug 2018
 

ABSTRACT

The skill level of American army mapmakers and draftsmen varied considerably when the United States entered World War I in 1917. Desperate to fill the ranks with qualified personnel, the army turned to civilians who had honed their craft with the U.S. Geological Survey and other professional mapmaking entities. Since the men had but a short period of time to prepare for mapping in wartime conditions, the Americans wisely deferred to the methodologies employed by their allies. The Americans adopted the French system of coordinates, the metric system, and most importantly, they utilized French military survey maps to overlay the latest intelligence, which hastened the creation of maps that were needed for military operations. It would be a mistake, however, to cast the American mappers as mere imitators; rather, they innovated methods of printing, distribution, and intelligence gathering that resulted in accurate maps that were widely and quickly distributed to troops at the front, where detailed and current information held sway over life and death. By the end of the war, the American mapmakers produced more than five million maps, primarily during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives, which contributed significantly to the defeat of Germany and the other Central Powers.

RÉSUMÉ

Le niveau d’expertise des cartographes de l’armée américaine et des dessinateurs variaient considérablement quand les Etats-Unis sont entrés en guerre en 1917. Désespérée de ne pouvoir remplir les rangs par des personnes qualifiées, l’armée s’est tournée vers des civils qui avaient perfectionné leur métier grâce à l’USGS ou d’autres professionnels de la cartographie. Dans la mesure où les hommes n’avaient que peu de temps pour se préparer à la cartographie en temps de guerre, les Américains s’en remirent sagement aux méthodes utilisées par ses alliés. Ils ont adopté les systèmes de mesures, la description et surtout les levés topographiques Français et Britanniques qui ont servi de cartes de base sur lesquelles les Américains ont superposé leurs données de renseignement. Il serait pourtant erroné de prendre les cartographes Américains pour de simples imitateurs. En effet, ils ont innové en proposant des méthodes d’impression, de diffusion et de collecte d’information qui ont abouti à la fabrication de cartes précises, largement et rapidement diffusées aux troupes sur le front, où une information détaillée et à jour a influencé la vie et la mort. A la fin de la guerre, les cartographes Américains avaient produit plus de 5 millions de cartes, principalement lors des offensives de Saint Mihiel et Meuse-Argonne, cartes qui ont largement contribué à la défaite de l’Allemagne et des autres puissances centrales.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributor

Ryan Moore is a cartographic specialist in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. He previously worked as a collections specialist in John G. White Special Collections Division of the Cleveland Public Library. He has earned graduate degrees in history and library science. Mr. Moore is the author of a number of articles and carto-bibliographies on World War I and other topics of cartographic history. He resides in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. with his family.

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