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Articles

Designing multi-scale maps: lessons learned from existing practices

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Pages 121-151 | Received 31 Mar 2018, Accepted 15 Jan 2020, Published online: 28 Jan 2020
 

ABSTRACT

Mapping applications display multi-scale maps where zooming in and out triggers the display of different maps at different scales. Multi-scale maps strongly augmented the potential uses of maps, compared to the traditional single-scaled paper maps. But the exploration of the multi-scale maps can be cognitively difficult for users because the content of the maps can be very different at different scales. This paper seeks to identify the factors in the design of map content and style that increase or decrease the exploration cognitive load, in order to improve multi-scales map design. We studied sixteen existing examples of multi-scale maps to identify these factors that influence a fluid zooming interaction. Several different analyses were conducted on these sixteen multi-scale maps. We first conducted a guided visual exploration of the maps, and a detailed study of the scales of the maps, to identify general trends of good practices (e.g. the WMTS standard that defines zoom levels is widely used) and potential ways of improvement (e.g. a same map is often used at multiple successive zoom levels). Then, we focused on the visual complexity of the multi-scale maps by analyzing how it varies, continuously or not, across scales, using clutter measures, which showed a peak of complexity at zoom level 12 of the WMTS standard. Finally, we studied how buildings and roads are subject to abstraction changes across scales (e.g. at what zoom level individual buildings turn into built-up areas), which can be one of the causes of exploration difficulties. We identified some good practices to reduce the impact of abstraction changes, for instance by mixing different levels of abstraction in the same map.

RÉSUMÉ

Les applications cartographiques actuelles affichent des cartes multi-échelles, dans lesquelles une interaction de zoom avant ou arrière déclenche l'affichage d'une nouvelle carte à plus grande ou plus petite échelle. Ces cartes multi-échelles permettent des utilisations beaucoup plus vastes et diverses que les traditionnelles cartes topographiques imprimées sur papier. Mais l'exploration interactive de ces cartes peut entrainer une charge cognitive assez lourde car le contenu des cartes peut varier très fortement entre les différentes échelles, et il devient difficile de se repérer. Cet article cherche à identifier les facteurs du design cartographique qui influent sur cette charge cognitive lors d'un changement d'échelle, avec pour objectif à long terme d'améliorer les pratiques de conception de cartes multi-échelles. Nous avons ainsi étudié seize exemples de cartes multi-échelles pour identifier les facteurs permettant d'influer sur la fluidité du zoom. Plusieurs analyses différentes ont été menées sur ces seize cartes. Nous avons d'abord réalisé une analyse visuelle de ces cartes selon divers critères, et une étude détaillée des différentes échelles utilisées, afin d'identifier des tendances (comme l'utilisation massive du standard WMTS), ou des pistes d'amélioration (par exemple, l'utilisation d'une même carte à plusieurs échelles parait sous-optimale). Nous avons ensuite mesuré la variation de complexité visuelle des cartes quand les échelles varient à l'aide de mesures de l'effet de ≪ clutter ≫ ce qui a notamment montré un pic de complexité pour les cartes présentées au niveau de zoom n12 du standard WMTS. Enfin, nous avons étudié les changements de niveau d'abstraction spécifiquement sur les thèmes ≪ bâti ≫ et ≪ routes ≫ (par exemple à quelle échelle la représentation des bâtiments individuels est remplacée par une représentation de l'aire urbaine), ce qui a permis de mettre en valeur une cause possible de ces difficultés d'exploration. Des bonnes pratiques ont été identifiées pour une meilleure transition entre les niveaux d'abstraction, notamment en les combinant dans une même carte à une échelle de transition.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Marion Dumont holds a PhD in GIScience from Paris-Est University. She is a former member of the LASTIG laboratory, GEOVIS team, at IGN France. Her research interests focus on map generalization, multi-scale maps and user navigation in these maps. Her work was part of the MapMuxing research project (https://mapmuxing.ign.fr) on mixing cartography and human-computer interaction issues.

Guillaume Touya is vice-head of the LASTIG lab, IGN France (the French mapping agency), and a senior researcher in the GEOVIS team of LASTIG. He holds a PhD and habilitation in GI science from Paris-Est University. His research interests focus on automated cartography, map generalization and volunteered geographic information. He is particularly interested in research approaches to multi-scale cartography that mix automated cartography and human–computer interaction issues. He is the chair of the ICA commission on map generalization and multiple representation.

Cécile Duchêne is a senior researcher and lecturer at University Gustave Eiffel, IGN/ENSG (School for Engineers in GIScience), her research takes place in the LASTIG laboratory, MEIG team. She holds a PhD in computer science from University Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) and an Habilitation from University Paris-Est. Her research interests are in automated spatial analysis, especially semantically enriching geographic features based on the analysis of their geometry; and automated cartography, especially automated cartographic generalization.

Notes

Additional information

Funding

The research presented in this paper is funded by the French Agency for Research (ANR-14-CE24-0011-01).

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