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Notes
This article draws on the author's Normative Power Europe Meets Israel: Perceptions and Realities (Lanham, 2015). The author would like to thank Sabina Gendler and Ron Zydel for their invaluable research assistance in the preparation of this article.
1 The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) and Pardo 2016 national survey was carried out in January by Keevoon Global Research. A representative sample of 1,000 people responded to the survey, with a margin of error of 2.25 percent.
2 Sharon Pardo, “The Year that Israel Considered Joining the European Economic Community,” Journal of Common Market Studies, LI: 5 (September, 2013), 901–15.
3 The Baghdad Pact of 1955, which was signed by Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom, was designed to bar the penetration of the ideological and political forces of the Russo–Chinese alliance. The Pact was conceived as an extension and completion of the NATO wall.
4 Shimon Peres, David's Sling (New York, 1970), p. 147.
5 Itamar Rabinovitch, “Israel and the Western Alliance,” The Middle East and the Western Alliance, Steven L. Spiegel (ed.) (London, 1982), pp. 197–206.
6 Janice Gross Stein, “Alice in Wonderland: The North Atlantic Alliance and the Arab–Israeli Dispute,” ibid, pp. 49–81.
7 Panayiotis Ifestos, European Political Cooperation: Towards a Framework of Supranational Diplomacy? (Aldershot, 1987).
8 Sharon Pardo and Joel Peters, Uneasy Neighbors: Israel and the European Union (Lanham, 2010).
9 Yosef Govrin, Israel's Relations with the East European States: From Disruption to Resumption (Middlesex, 2011); Martin van Creveld, “NATO, Israel and Peace in the Middle East,” NATO Review (Autumn 2005), www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/Middle-East/Peace-Middle-East-Israel/EN/index.htm.
10 Friends of Israel Initiative and The Henry Jackson Society, Added Value: Israel's Strategic Worth to the European Union and its Member States (London, 2014). In October 2006, Israel and NATO concluded an Individual Cooperation Program (ICP), making Israel the first country outside the Euro-Atlantic region, and the first MD country, to conclude such an agreement. The ICP provides a long-term plan for cooperation in twenty-seven areas and it opens the door for Israeli–NATO cooperation in various fields.
11 The survey was carried out in April 2009 by Keevoon Global Research. A representative sample of 600 people responded to the survey, with a margin of error of 4.1 percent.
12 My 2011 national survey was conducted by Panels Research in mid-June 2011. A representative sample of 1,057 people responded to the survey, with a 3.3 percent margin of error. My 2013 national survey was carried out in April and May 2013, also by Panels Research, and included a representative sample of 561 people with a margin of error of 4.3 percent. These two surveys were made possible thanks to the financial assistance of the German–Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development. My 2014 national survey was conducted in February and March 2014 also by Panels Research. A representative sample of 572 people responded to the survey, with a margin of error of 4.2 percent. The KAS and Pardo 2016 national survey was conducted in early January (see note 1).
13 Benjamin Netanyahu, “Israel and NATO,” Congress Monthly, 74, (Washington, DC, September–October, 2007).
14 Tzipi Livni, “Address by FM Livni: Remarks before the NATO–Israel Symposium,” October 22, 2007.
15 “Avigdor Liberman: Israel Should Press to Join NATO, EU,” Haaretz, January 1, 2007.
16 Yisrael Beytenu, “Yisrael Beytenu: Our Vision,” (2009), p. 13.
17 Ronald S. Lauder, “Warum Israel Mitglied der NATO werden muss,” Die Welt, February 7, 2011.
18 José Aznar, “Europe's Response to the Threat of Global Terror,” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Jerusalem Issue Brief, V:23 (Jerusalem, April, 2006).
19 House of Representatives, “110th Congress, 1st Session, H. Res. 235,” March 9, 2007.
20 Yehoshua Justus, “Stevenson Proposes NATO's Guarantees,” Maariv, December 5, 1957.
21 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, “Speech by NATO Secretary-General,” February 24, 2005.
22 Uri Yablonka, “Liberman's Plan: NATO instead of the Israel Defense Forces in Gaza,” [Hebrew] nrg website, January 14, 2007.
23 Roni Sofer, “Liberman Leaves for Europe to Promote NATO's Deployment in the Strip,” Ynet [Hebrew], June 25, 2007, http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3417017,00.html.
24 Roni Sofer, “Liberman Document: NATO in the Territories and Population Exchanges,” [Hebrew] Ynet, October 28, 2007, http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3464644,00.html.
25 Barak Ravid, “Foreign Ministry Proposes International Force in Gaza,” [Hebrew] Haaretz, September 7, 2014.
26 Thomas Friedman, “Abbas's NATO Proposal,” The New York Times, February 2, 2014.
27 Robert Kagan, “Can NATO Patrol Palestine?” The Washington Post, April 18, 2002; Chuck Hagel, “NATO Expands its Boundaries,” USA Today, March 1, 2004.
28 Shibley Telhami, “The Ties that Bind,” Foreign Affairs, LXXXIII: 2 (2004), 353–58.
29 Dana Zimerman, “Opens an Eye at the Age of 60,” Ynet, April 2, 2009.
30 See also Marvin Liebstone, “Israel–NATO Relations: A Chain of Truths,” The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, I: 3 (2007), 43–46.
31 Yaakov Amidror, “The Risks of Foreign Peacekeeping Forces in the West Bank,” Israel's Critical Security Requirements for Defensible Borders: The Foundation for a Viable Peace, Dan Diker (ed.) (Jerusalem, 2011), pp. 80–9, 80, 86.
32 Ibid, p. 80.
33 Ibid, p. 86.
34 Interview with a senior IDF officer, Tel Aviv, July 3, 2013.
35 Interview with a senior IDF officer, Tel Aviv, June 12, 2013.
36 Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, 1976), pp. 28–9.
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Notes on contributors
Sharon Pardo
Sharon Pardo is a Jean Monnet Chair ad personam in European Studies in the Department of Politics and Government at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and the Chair of the National Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence—The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society (CSEPS) at BGU. Prof. Pardo has published widely on European Union–Israeli relations, and his most recent (2015) book is Normative Power Europe Meets Israel: Perceptions and Realities.