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Notes
1 Peter Beaumont, “UN accuses Israel and Hamas of possible war crimes during 2014 Gaza Conflict,” The Guardian, June 22, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/22/un-accuses-israel-and-hamas-of-possible-war-crimes-during-2014-gaza-war.
2 Olusola Ojo, Africa and Israel: Relations in Perspective (London, 1988), pp. 74–75, 87.
3 Stephen Kinzer, A Thousand Hills: Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man who Dreamed It (Hoboken, 2008), p. 189–90; Robert Gribbin, In the Aftermath of Genocide: The US Role in Rwanda (New York, 2005), pp. 75–84; Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York, 1997), pp. 268–80; Colin Waugh, Paul Kagame and Rwanda: Power, Genocide, and the Rwanda Patriotic Front (Jefferson, 2004), p. 70.
4 Jonathan Beloff, “Views from Rwanda of the current Middle East conflict,” Times of Israel, August 11, 2014, http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/views-from-rwanda-of-the-current-middle-east-conflict-2/.
5 Erin Jessee, “Rwanda’s subtle forms of intimidation,” Times Higher Education, December 19, 2013, www.timeshighereducation.com/comment/opinion/rwandas-subtle-forms-of-intimidation/2009974.article.
6 Jack Khoury, “Hamas Claims responsibility for Three Israeli Teens’ Kidnapping and Murder,” Haaretz, August 21, 2014, www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676.
7 Matan Tzuri, “IAF hit Gaza targets after rockets slam into southern Israeli,” Ynet, June 19, 2014, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4532020,00.html.
8 Khaled Abu Toameh, Herb Keinon, “Gaza cease-fire between Israel, Hamas goes into effect,” The Jerusalem Post, August 25, 2014, www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Palestinian-sources-Gaza-cease-fire-to-be-announced-on-Tuesday-evening-372386.
9 Lizzie Dearden, “Israel–Gaza conflict: 50-day war by numbers,” The Independent, August 27, 2014, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-50day-war-by-numbers-9693310.html.
10 Greer Cashman, “Rwandan FM tells Peres that she has better grasp of security situation after visiting Israel,” The Jerusalem Post, July 22, 2014, www.jpost.com/National-News/Rwandan-FM-tells-Peres-that-she-has-better-grasp-of-security-situation-after-visiting-Israel-368340; “Minister Louise Mushikiwabo visits Israel,” Rwanda Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, www.minaffet.gov.rw/index.php?id=886&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=968&cHash=ff890bdd40be751ae633e794018231a2, July 20, 2014.
11 Meir Halevi Siegel, “Rwanda Foreign Minister visits Ashkelon,” The Jewish Press, July 21, 2014, www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/rwanda-foreign-minister-visits-ashkelon/2014/07/21/; “FM Liberman and Rwandan FM Mushikiwabo visit Hof Ashkelon,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 20, 2014, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2014/Pages/FM-Liberman-and-Rwandan-FM-Mushikiwabo-visit-Hof-Ashkelon-20-Jul-2014.aspx.
12 “Mushikiwabo: Rwanda's abstention from Palestinian statehood vote due to flawed process,” The New Times, January 1, 2015, www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-01-01/184580/.
13 Filip Reyntjens, “Rwanda Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship,” African Affairs, CIII:411 (2004), 177–210.
14 Shyaka Kanuma, “Rwanda: At Big RPF Meeting, Kagame Denounces Indisciplined Party Members,” allAfrica website, September 2, 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201409030189.html.
15 Gabriel Gatehouse, “Patrick Karegeya: Mysterious death of a Rwandan exile,” BBC News website, March 26, 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26752838.
16 Frank Kanyesigye, “Rwanda, Israel to bolster agriculture cooperation,” The New Times, June 21, 2012, www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-06-21/54223/.
17 Conversation with Freddy Mutanguha, June 2012.
18 Interview with General Caesar Kayzari, June 2012.
19 Ojo, op cit., pp. 7–24.
20 Interview with an unnamed Rwandan official.
21 Prunier, op. cit., pp. 93, 115–7; Kinzer, op. cit., pp. 39, 82–85.
22 Interview with Tito Rutaremara, July 29, 2014.
23 Ibid.
24 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York, 1979), p. 113-17.
26 “Inside FDLR,” Youtube broadcast, December 23, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB66tuEr1FA; Michael Rodriquez, “The FDLR as an Obstacle to peace in the DRC,” Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 23 (2011), 176–82.
27 Ibid., pp. 176–80
28 Jonathan Beloff, “Rwanda ponders own security while FDLR remains a strategic threat,” African Arguments website, June 5, 2014, http://africanarguments.org/2014/06/05/rwandan-ponders-own-security-while-fdlr-remains-a-strategic-threat-by-jonathan-beloff/.
29 Raoul Heinrichs, “How Israel's Iron Dome Anti-Missile System works,” Business Insider website, July 30, 2014, www.businessinsider.com/how-israels-iron-dome-anti-missile-system-works-2014-7?IR=T.
30 Manuel Manrique Gil, “M23 and eastern D.R. Congo: An intractable problem or an opportunity to engage?” (2012), www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=78831; Jason Stearns, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (New York, 2012), pp. 313, 34.
31 Beloff, “Rwanda ponders own security…” op. cit.; Michael Diebert, The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair (London, 2013), pp. 148–50.
32 Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War:Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (New York, 2009), p. 309.
33 FDLR Abacunguzi, (2015), https://twitter.com/ifdlr.
34 “Rwanda grenade attack in Kigali kill two,” BBC News website, January 4, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16413026.
35 Cashman, op cit.; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, op cit.
36 Ibid.
37 Lilian Mutegi, “Rwanda ICT Chamber Strengthens Its Commercial Ties with Israel,” http://allafrica.com/stories/201503020505.html.
38 Patricia Crisafulli, Andrea Redmond, Rwanda Inc., How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World (New York, 2012), pp. 3, 9–10, 19–24, 114–8, 171–5; Babajide Sodipo and Jacqueline Muna Musiitwa, “Regional Integration and the Future of Rwanda,” Rwanda Fast Forward: Social, Economic, Military, and Reconciliation Prospects, Maddalena Campioni and Patrick Noack (eds.) (New York, 2012), pp. 120–21.
39 Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion:Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It (New York, 2007), pp. 5–12, 54–60.
40 Waltz, op. cit., pp.113–17.
41 Waltz, op. cit., p. 107.
42 James Karuhanga, “Rwanda Opens embassies in Israel, Egypt,” The New Times, March 23, 2015, www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-03-23/187162/; “Col. Joseph Rutabana hands over to Lt Col Innocent Gashugi, New PS at Ministry of Defence,” Rwanda News Agency website, July 21, 2015, www.rnanews.com/national/10505-col-joseph-rutabana-hands-over-to-lt-col-innocent-gashugi-new-ps-at-ministry-of-defence.
43 Joel Peters, Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship (New York, 1992), pp. 1–85.
44 Ojo, op. cit., pp. 7–110.
45 Samuel Decalo, Israel and Africa: Forty Years, 1956–1996 (London, 1998), pp. 137–62.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Jonathan R. Beloff
Jonathan R. Beloff is a PhD candidate at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. His PhD research is entitled “The Evolution of Rwandan Foreign Policy: from Genocide to Globalization.” Since 2008 he has been traveling to Rwanda to conduct research on Rwandan political, economic, and social development. Mr. Beloff has previously worked as a researcher and editor for the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide (CNLG) in Rwanda.