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Notes
1 Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haelein, ‘Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media’, Business Horizons, vol. 53, no. 1, January–February 2010, p. 61, http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf.
2 The essay is comprised of edited extracts from War in 140 Characters: How Social Media Is Reshaping Conflict in the Twenty-First Century by David Patrikarakos, © 2017. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, an imprint of Hachette Book Group, Inc., and the author c/o Rogers, Coleridge & White Ltd., 20 Powis Mews, London W11 1JN.
3 Brian P. Fleming, Hybrid Threat Concept: Contemporary War, Military Planning and the Advent of Unrestricted Operational Art (Fort Leavenworth, KS: United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2011).
4 See, for example, Juliet Samuel, ‘Searching for the truth in the rubble of “Fake News” from Aleppo’, Telegraph, 18 December 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/17/searching-truth-rubble-fake-news-aleppo/.
5 Emile Simpson, War from the Ground Up: Twenty-First-Century Combat as Politics (London: C Hurst & Co., 2012), p. 1.
6 Interview with David Betz, London, 23 March 2016.
7 Interview with Emile Simpson, 19 November 2014.
8 Geoffrey Ingersoll, ‘General James “Mad Dog” Mattis Email about Being “Too Busy to Read” is a Must-Read’, Business Insider UK, 9 May 2013, http://uk.businessinsider.com/viral-james-mattis-email-reading-marines-2013-5.
9 Interview with Emile Simpson, 19 November 2014.
10 Emerson T. Brooking and P.W. Singer, ‘War Goes Viral: How Social Media Is Being Weaponized Across the World’, Atlantic, November 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/11/war-goes-viral/501125/.
11 Interview with Alec Ross, Baltimore, 26 June 2015.
12 This term has already been coined and some literature within technology circles exists on it. Indeed a book even carries its name (see Natasha Saxberg, Homo Digitalis: How Human Needs Support Digital Behaviour for People, Organizations and Society (Amazon Digital Services LLC, 22 July 2015). However, from what I can tell the term is not in widespread use and my settling upon the term was not derived from any previous literature and, to the best of my knowledge, I am the first to apply the concept to the field of war.
13 See, for example, Parag Khanna, ‘Dismantling Empires through Devolution’, Atlantic, 26 September 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/09/stronger-than-democracy/380774/.
14 Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: How Not to Liberate the World (London: Allen Lane, 2011), p. xiv.
15 Interview with Navid Hassanpour, 17 November 2014.
16 Alberto M. Fernandez, ‘Why ISIS Flourishes in its Media Domain’, Defense Technology Program Brief, September 2015, p. 6, http://www.afpc.org/files/getContentPostAttachment/247.
17 Quotes and comments from Alberto Fernandez come from three Skype interviews conducted variously on 28 March 2016, 31 October 2016 and 10 November 2016.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
David Patrikarakos
David Patrikarakos is the author of War in 140 Characters: How Social Media is Reshaping Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. He is a Poynter Fellow at Yale and a Non-Resident Fellow at the School of Iranian Studies, St Andrews University. He is also a Contributing Editor at the Daily Beast and a Contributing Writer at Politico.