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Notes
1 Larry Friese with N.R. Jenzen-Jones and Michael Smallwood, ‘Emerging Unmanned Threats: The use of commerciallyavailable UAVs by armed non-state actors’, Armament Research Services, February 2016; ‘Chronology of Aum Shinrikiyo’s CBW Activities’, Middlebury Institute for International Studies at Monterey, 2001.
2 Friese with Jenzen-Jones and Smallwood, ‘Emerging Unmanned Threats: The use of commercially-available UAVs by armed non-state actors’.
3 Scott Crino and Andy Dreby, ‘Drone Technology Proliferation in Small Wars’, Small Wars Journal, 3 October 2019.
4 Parker Asmann, ‘Are Armed Drones the Weapon of the Future for Mexico’s Cartels?’, InSight Crime, 15 August 2018; Christopher Woody, ‘Drones appear to be taking on a bigger, more dangerous role in Mexico’s criminal warfare’, Business Insider, 25 October 2017.
5 Dionne Searcey, ‘Boko Haram Is Back. With Better Drones’, New York Times, 13 September 2019.
6 ‘The air force of the poor’, SRF, 14 September 2019.
7 Ronen Bergman, ‘Hezbollah stockpiling drones in anticipation of Israeli strike’, Al-Monitor, 15 February 2013.
8 ‘Hezbollah sends first reconnaissance drone into Israeli territory’, AP Archive, YouTube, 23 July 2015.
9 ‘Explained: Unmanned aircraft’, Guardian, 15 July 2006.
10 United Nations Panel of Experts on Yemen, ‘Letter dated 26 January 2018 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen mandated by Security Council resolution 2342 (2017) addressed to the President of the Security Council’, p. 154.
11 Ibid., p. 157.
12 Ibid., p. 156.
13 Austin Michael Bodetti, ‘How Iranian-Backed Shia Militias Got US Drones’, Offiziere.ch, 6 June 2017.
14 David Axe, ‘Hezbollah Drone is Warning to the US’, Daily Beast, 17 August 2016.
15 Kelsey D. Atherton, ‘What We Know About ISIS’s Scratch-built Drones’, Popular Science, 7 November 2016.
16 Ibid.
17 Michael S. Schmidt and Eric Schmitt, ‘Pentagon Confronts a New Threat from ISIS: Exploding Drones’, New York Times, 11 October 2016; Don Rassler, Muhammad Al-Ubaydi and Vera Mironova, ‘The Islamic State’s Drone Documents: Management, Acquisitions, and DIY Tradecraft’, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 31 January 2017.
18 Don Rassler, ‘The Islamic State and Drones: Supply, Scale, and Future Threats’, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, July 2018, pp. 3 and 9; Peter Layton, ‘Commercial drones: Privatising air power’, Interpreter, 27 September 2017.
19 Nick Waters (@N_Waters89), ‘Here it is. Every drone strike published by Islamic State in 2017. (I believe.) 208 strikes, 450+ images & videos. This was based on a year of leveraging every source possible to collate this data. Free to use with credit. Lets [sic] see what we learned: https://t.co/iRnQUHTMmJ’, 18 January 2018, Tweet.
20 David Grossman, ‘DJI Deactivates Its Drones in Parts of Iraq and Syria’, Popular Mechanics, 27 April 2017.
21 Tom Westcott, ‘Death from above: IS drones strike terror in “safe” areas of Mosul’, Middle East Eye, 10 August 2017.
22 Nick Waters, ‘The Poor Man’s Air Force? Rebel Drones Attack Russia’s Airbase in Syria’, Bellingcat, 12 January 2018.
23 Eugene Miasnikov, ‘Terrorists Develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: On “Mirsad 1” Flight Over Israel’, Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 6 December 2004.
24 ‘Hezbollah drone operations celebrated in museum’, Arabian Aerospace Online News Service, 4 February 2019.
25 Rassler, Al-Ubaydi and Mironova, ‘The Islamic State’s Drone Documents: Management, Acquisitions, and DIY Tradecraft’.
26 Elizabeth Tsurkov (@Elizrael), ‘New Hayat Tahrir al-Sham internal recruitment announcement for its aerial reconnaissance unit. Unlike recruitment calls for combat armies, special forces, sniper & artillery units, this notice includes among its criteria high intelligence & demands a 6-months [sic] commitment.’, 16 November 2019, Tweet.
27 Waters, ‘The Poor Man’s Air Force? Rebel Drones Attack Russia’s Airbase in Syria’; Rassler, Al-Ubaydi and Mironova, ‘The Islamic State’s Drone Documents: Management, Acquisitions, and DIY Tradecraft’.