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Research Article

Integrating biochemical and behavioral approaches to develop a bait to manage the invasive yellow paper wasp Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in the Galápagos Islands

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Pages 271-280 | Received 31 Jan 2022, Accepted 01 Jul 2022, Published online: 14 Jul 2022
 

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that more than 500 species of insects have been introduced to the Galápagos Islands via human activities. One of these insect invaders is the yellow paper wasp, Polistes versicolor (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), a social wasp native to continental South America. In Galápagos, these wasps are voracious predators of insect larvae, compete with native species for insect prey or for floral resources and are a human nuisance. Wasp suppression methods currently in use are inefficient and attract non-target species, calling for the development of species-specific attractants that can be used in baits to lure and kill wasps. To evaluate the potential for using wasp semiochemicals in baits, we determined the biochemical composition of the head, thorax, Dufour’s and venom glands of P. versicolor foragers via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Male and female wasps were tested for behavioral responses to body segment extracts from both sexes. Female body extracts consistently elicited more behavioral responses in both male and female wasps than male extracts. Females reacted to female head, thorax and abdomen (the Dufour’s and venom glands are located in the abdomen) extracts, whereas males reacted significantly to female head and thorax extracts. One male body extract, the head, elicited two significant behaviors: female wasps groomed more often, and males touched the filter paper more often compared to the blank control. Head extracts consistently changed the behavior of female and male wasps and, together with female thorax extracts, have potential as species-specific lures for yellow paper wasps. Heads were mainly composed of hydrocarbon lipids and oleamide, a ligand for odorant-binding proteins. The thorax consisted of fatty aldehydes, long-chain alkanes and fatty amide lipids. Field trials of blends of these compounds in high wasp density areas of Galápagos are the next step to confirm if any of these compounds are attractive to P. versicolor.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The yellow paper wasp, Polistes versicolor, is an invasive species in the Galápagos Islands. In addition to its ecological impact, this wasp is a nuisance to residents and visitors alike as they affect tourism and activities in human settlements. We studied the biochemical composition and behavior of P. versicolor wasps to find attractants (sex or aggregation pheromones) useful for developing baits or lures to control this pest. Panel a shows a P. versicolor nest built alongside a touristic trail, Garrapatero beach, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos. Panel b shows the location of the glands and body parts analyzed. Panel c shows a pan trap filled with soapy water, one of the only control methods currently in use in the Galápagos Islands.
The yellow paper wasp, Polistes versicolor, is an invasive species in the Galápagos Islands. In addition to its ecological impact, this wasp is a nuisance to residents and visitors alike as they affect tourism and activities in human settlements. We studied the biochemical composition and behavior of P. versicolor wasps to find attractants (sex or aggregation pheromones) useful for developing baits or lures to control this pest. Panel a shows a P. versicolor nest built alongside a touristic trail, Garrapatero beach, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos. Panel b shows the location of the glands and body parts analyzed. Panel c shows a pan trap filled with soapy water, one of the only control methods currently in use in the Galápagos Islands.

RESUMEN

Se estima que más de 500 especies de insectos han sido introducidas en las Islas Galápagos a través de actividades humanas. Uno de estos insectos invasores es la avispa de papel amarilla, Polistes versicolor (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), una avispa social nativa de Sudamérica continental. En Galápagos, estas avispas son predadores voraces de larvas de insectos, compiten con las especies nativas por los insectos presa o por recursos florales, además de ser una molestia para los humanos. Los métodos para controlar estas avispas que se usan en la actualidad son ineficientes y atraen a especies no objetivo, por lo cual se requiere el desarrollo de atrayentes que sean especie-específicas los cuales puedan ser usados en las trampas para cebar y matar a las avispas. Para evaluar el potencial de uso de semioquímicos de avispas en los cebos, determinamos la composición bioquímica de la cabeza, tórax, glándula de Dufour y las glándulas del veneno de forrajeras de P. versicolor usando cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Avispas machos y hembras se usaron en ensayos de respuestas comportamentales a extractos de segmentos del cuerpo de ambos sexos. Los extractos del cuerpo de las hembras hicieron reaccionar consistentemente más a hembras y machos que los extractos del cuerpo de machos. Las hembras reaccionaron de forma no aleatoria cuando fueron expuestas a extractos de la cabeza, el tórax y el abdomen (la glándula de Dufour y las glándulas del veneno se encuentran en el abdomen) de otras hembras. Los machos reaccionaron significativamente a extractos de la cabeza y el tórax de avispas hembra. Solo el extracto de cabeza de machos produjo una reacción significativa en dos comportamientos: las hembras realizaron aseos más frecuentemente y los machos tocaron el papel de filtro más frecuentemente en comparación con el solvente solo. Los extractos de cabeza consistentemente cambiaron el comportamiento de las avispas hembra y macho, y en conjunto con los extractos de tórax de las hembras tienen potencial como cebos especie-específicos para las avispas de papel amarillas. Las cabezas están compuestas principalmente de lípidos hidrocarbonos y oleamida, un ligando para proteínas que se unen al odorando. El tórax consiste mayoritariamente de aldehídos grasos, alcanos de cadena larga y lípidos de grasa amida. Ensayos en campo de mezclas de estos compuestos en áreas de alta densidad de avispas en las Islas Galápagos son los próximos pasos para confirmar si alguno de estos compuestos resulta atrayente para P. versicolor.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Galápagos National Park Directorate for issuing research permits and for field and logistical support, in particular, Danny Rueda and Christian Sevilla; Christine Parent for helping with sample transport; Heinke Jäger for help in accessing materials and logistical support; and special thanks to Julia Eloff for producing the paper wasp illustration. We are extremely grateful to the two anonymous reviewers. Reviewer 1 is especially thanked for a detailed and critical reading, and for providing constructive advice to improve the original manuscript. This study was supported by a grant from the Galapagos Conservancy to PJL and MB and a grant from Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic Fund to CEC. This publication is contribution number 2428 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2098575

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Galapagos Conservancy and Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic Fund, award number 1-01-106.