https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-994X
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ABSTRACT
New community-scale developments should address both greenhouse gas emissions mitigation and climate adaptation goals. This paper presents a systematic approach to energy master planning (EMP) of net-zero emissions communities via probabilistic analysis of the resilience and cost effectiveness of various energy provision portfolios (supply, conversion and storage) in early design stage. Applied in the EMP of a new university satellite campus, comprising of five buildings with mixed energy uses, both the 2050 net-zero emissions and the energy resilience objectives are met by an energy provision portfolio that consists of air source heat pumps for heating and cooling, and a combination of PV panels, purchased green power, standard (non-green) grid power, battery and thermal heat and cold storage tanks – with only a modest 6% increase in costs compared to a reference solution. The case project demonstrates the financial feasibility of a resilient energy system that also meets a net-zero emissions objective.
Acknowledgments
The first author thanks The University of Melbourne for providing a Melbourne Research Scholarship Award.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Abbreviations
| AUD | = | Australian dollar |
| CLNS | = | critical load not served |
| CO2e | = | carbon dioxide equivalent |
| COP | = | coefficient of performance |
| DCLNS | = | duration of critical load not served |
| EMP | = | energy master planning |
| FB | = | Fishermans Bend |
| GHG | = | greenhouse gas |
| GSHP | = | ground source heat pump |
| kW | = | kilowatt |
| kWh | = | kilowatt hour |
| MCS | = | Monte Carlo simulation |
| NZEC | = | net-zero emissions community |
| PPA | = | power purchase agreement |
| PV | = | photovoltaic |
| RES | = | renewable energy sources |
| SDGs | = | sustainable development goals |
| UN | = | United Nations |
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Saeid Charani Shandiz
Saeid Charani Shandiz has extensive experience in sustainability, energy modelling, data science and technologies, especially related to sustainable and climate-resilient development of infrastructure. He has several years of work experience and has been involved in a wide range of sectors and disciplines including built environment and energy systems projects in Australia, Italy, Iran, and Morocco, as well as completing advanced academic degrees.In his PhD project, Saeid developed a systematic approach, that has applications and implications for wider systems and infrastructure, to achieve both net-zero emissions and climate resilience goals in energy planning, design, and assessment of community-scale energy systems. He is the author of several scientific papers on subjects such as net-zero emissions buildings and communities, building science, energy resilience and energy master planning.
Behzad Rismanchi
Dr Behzad Rismanchi is a Senior Lecturer in building energy at the Department of Infrastructure Engineering. He is a professional member of Engineers Australia and is a certified energy manager (CEM) with over 15 years of experience in research, design and optimisation of energy systems.
Greg Foliente
Greg Foliente is Professor at the University of Melbourne, a Senior International Expert for the Global Buildings Performance Network (GBPN) and the President and Board Chair for the non-profit International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE). He leads systems-based transdisciplinary research – integrating modelling and engineering knowledge with social and environmental sciences and emerging digital and geospatial technologies – to improve the safety, sustainability and resilience of built and urban environments at various scales. His knowledge, experience & interests span the full life cycle of knowledge development from academic research, to applied R&D and their translation into practice, policy & standards. He is an expert consultant to – and research collaborator with – industry, government and international institutions including UN agencies. Amongst many forms of recognition, he received the prestigious James Croes Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a best paper award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and numerous visiting appointments from leading universities in the US, Europe and Asia. He received his PhD and MSc degrees at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) and executive leadership and management training at the Australian Institute of Company Directors and the MIT Sloan Executive Education.
Lu Aye
Lu Aye (F.AIE, F.AIRAH) is a Professor of Energy Engineering at the University of Melbourne. Prof. Aye has established an internationally recognised research cluster, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Group in 2008 at the university. He has been the leader of the group since then. He has over 40 years of engineering experience in university teaching, research, development, demonstration and commercialisation of low-carbon technologies, including solar PV and solar thermal systems. His research areas include heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, solar energy engineering, waste to resources, complex systems modelling, and life cycle environmental impact assessment. Prof. Aye been recognised as a leading expert in modelling, simulation, optimisation and forecasting of complex systems behaviours. He utilised computational and participatory approaches for modelling socio-ecological systems under deep uncertainty. These models have been applied to identify the effects of policy interventions and robust decision making. He has authored and co-authored over 300 peer reviewed scientific publications. Prof. Aye has been a chief investigator in many Australian Research Council (ARC) and industry grants. During the past five years, in collaboration with his colleagues, he attracted over $ 30 million in research income.