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ABSTRACT
Advancing a holistic theory that explains emerging geographical configurations of the world economy is both ambitious and particularly arduous when it involves concepts without consensus – in their meanings and significance – such as rising powers, BRICS, and MINT. Yet, understanding global and uneven development of the contemporary variety is an urgent matter of policy and politics, as we face growing nationalist populism as one of the disconcerting outcomes of globalization. In this research note two interpretations are offered, one that closely follows Ray Hudson’s analysis of a ‘new new international division of labor’, and another that may serve as an alternative interpretation, which is buttressed by evidence from recent development in Asia.
摘要
重新定位发展的驱动力：可供选择的范式. Area Development and Policy. 要提出一个能够解释世界经济新兴地理格局的整体理论是一项宏伟的任务，而且在涉及到一些（在含义和意义上）尚未达成共识的概念如“新兴国家”、“金砖国家”和“薄荷国家”时尤为艰巨。然而，全球化过程产生了诸多令我们不安的后果，愈演愈烈的民族民粹主义就是其中之一，因此认识当今各种各样的全球不均衡发展问题就成为政策和政治研究的当务之急。本文提供了两种解释 – 第一种紧密遵循雷·哈德森对“新”新国际劳动分工的分析，第二种可以作为另外一种选择，并用亚洲近几年的发展支持了第二种解释。
RESUMEN
Reorientar los impulsores del desarrollo: paradigmas alternativos. Area Development and Policy. Desarrollar una teoría holística que explique las configuraciones geográficas emergentes de la economía mundial es una labor ambiciosa y especialmente difícil cuando se usan conceptos sin consenso – en sus significados e importancia – tales como potencias emergentes y los países BRICS y MINT. Sin embargo, entender el desarrollo global desequilibrado de la variedad contemporánea es un asunto urgente en las políticas y lapolítica dado que nos enfrentamos a un creciente populismo nacionalista como uno de los resultados desconcertantes de la globalización. En esta nota de investigación se presentan dos interpretaciones: una que sigue de cerca el análisis de Ray Hudson de una nueva, nueva división internacional de trabajo, y otra que podría servir de interpretación alternativa, y está respaldada por la evidencia del reciente desarrollo en Asia.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Переориентация драйверов развития: альтернативные парадигмы. Area Development and Policy. Продвижение целостной теории, которая объясняет формирующуюся географическую структуру мировой экономики – это и амбициозная, и трудная задача, когда приходиться использовать концепции, в отношении сути которых нет полного консенсуса, такие как нарождающиеся державы, БРИКС и МИНТ. Все же, понимание глобального неравномерного развития на современном этапе – это важный политический вопрос на фоне роста националистического популизма в качестве одного из тревожных последствий глобализации. В этой аналитической статье предлагаются две интерпретации, одна из которых следует подходу Рэя Хадсона к анализу нового международного разделения труда, а другая, которая может быть альтернативой, основывается на недавних изменениях в Азии.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful for the incisive comments provided by Mick Dunford and anonymous reviewers.
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1. The developmental state has its problems as well, however. The close cooperation between states and industries, for example, works most efficiently in authoritarian or nominally democratic states, and often resulted in corruption. The developmental state’s singular focus on raising gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by steep catch-up export-led industrialization meant that it prioritized developing a model economy over a model society. Human rights, gender equality or lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) issues were and are largely secondary to the policies of the developmental state. Accordingly, the Global Gender Gap 2015 report from the World Economic Forum (Citation2015) shows that Japan ranked 101st among 145 countries surveyed on various indicators of women’s standing in society. South Korea ranked 115th, Singapore 54th and China 91st. The United States was 28th.
2. In Asia, communism/socialism served primarily as a vehicle of resistance against colonial powers and secondarily as resistance against class struggle.