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Research Article

Variegated geographies of electronic waste: policy mobility, heterogeneity and neoliberalism

Pages 314-331 | Received 13 Oct 2016, Accepted 11 Mar 2017, Published online: 05 Apr 2017
 

ABSTRACT

A source of political conflicts, recurrent scandals and considerable geopolitical problems, electronic waste (e-waste) is a central challenge for contemporary societies. Drawing on Polanyian economic geography, this article provides a comparative reading of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme in China and France and shows that e-waste policy in China is not a replication of global north models, but rather a new hybrid outcome, where neoliberal tendencies are negotiated within the characteristics of a resilient state. In this way, it extends the variegated capitalism framework to the sphere of post-consumption.

摘要

电子垃圾的地理多元化:政策的流动性、异质性及新自由主义. Area Development and Policy. 电子垃圾已成为当代社会的核心挑战,可引发政治冲突、接二连三的丑闻以及严重的地缘政治问题。本文应用波拉尼经济地理学思想,对中国和法国的生产者延伸责任方案进行比较研究,发现中国的电子垃圾政策并非对北方发达国家模式的完全复制,而是一种新型的混合模式。在这种新型模式下,新自由主义趋势与极富适应性的国家特色发生碰撞。本文由此将对多元化资本主义框架的讨论延伸至后消费领域。

RESUMEN

Geografías variadas del desecho electrónico: movilidad política, heterogeneidad y neoliberalismo. Area Development and Policy. En las sociedades actuales, los desechos electrónicos son una fuente de conflictos políticos, escándalos constantes y grandes problemas geopolíticos y suponen un reto fundamental. A partir de la geografía económica de Polanyi, en este artículo se aporta una lectura comparativa del esquema de la responsabilidad ampliada del productor en China y Francia, y se muestra que la política para los desechos electrónicos en China no es una réplica de los modelos del hemisferio norte, sino más bien un nuevo resultado híbrido donde se negocian las tendencias neoliberales teniendo en cuenta las características de un Estado resistente. De esta manera, se amplía el marco de capitalismo variado a la esfera del posconsumo.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Многообразная география электронного мусора: политика в области мобильности, гетерогенность и неолиберализм. Area Development and Policy. Источник политических конфликтов, периодических скандалов и значительных геополитических проблем, электронные отходы (e-waste) – это одна из основных проблем современного общества. Опираясь на экономическую географию Поланьи, эта статья представляет сравнение схем Расширенной ответственности производителя (ERP) в Китае и во Франции, и показывает, что политика в отношении электронных отходов в Китае – это не репликация моделей глобального Севера, а новое гибридное решение, в котором неолиберальные тенденции имеют место в условиях жесткого государственного контроля. Таким образом статья расширяет анализ многообразного капитализма в сфере пост-потребления.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author owes a great debt of gratitude to Tong Xin and Tao Dongyan at Peking University, and Luca Gabbiani at EFEO for their hospitality and support during the fieldwork conducted in China. He also thanks Anna Lora-Wainwright, Kersty Hobson, the editor Michael Dunford and three anonymous referees for their insightful comments made on earlier versions of this paper. All errors and misinterpretations are the author’s own responsibility.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. In some countries, such as France, minor modulations on contributions and penalty fees are granted if a number of eco-design criteria are respected.

2. For instance, a comprehensive account would require an investigation of the action of environmental NGOs, which play a limited, yet growing, role in the policy arena. Local organizations in Beijing have long acted as advocates for the rights of traditional recyclers, opening up questions concerning the space for and actions of Chinese civil society.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a Field Scholarship from the École Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO).

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