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Abstract
Sport for development and peace scholars have recently called for a move towards participatory action research (PAR). In this paper, I discuss the utility of visual research methods, guided by a postcolonial feminist (PF)PAR approach that was taken up in two studies examining SDP programmes: the first with Indigenous young women in Canada, and the second with young women in Nicaragua. To conclude, I illustrate how the Indigenous-guided research principles of ownership, control, access and possession may usefully frame a discussion of the challenges involved in pursuing a PFPAR approach.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the organisations and young women who participated and collaborated on these studies, and to Wendy Frisby, Megan Chawansky, Mary McDonald, Cathy van Ingen and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable feedback on this manuscript. I would also to acknowledge the contributions and support of Audrey Giles, Whitney Radforth, VAFCS, Susan Tatoosh, Narpinder Rehallu, Lidieth del Socorro Cruz Centeno, Lisa Sundstrom, Brian Wilson and Cecilia Eugenia Falla throughout the research discussed in this paper. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the support of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada postdoctoral fellowships for supporting the studies outlined in this manuscript. Any opinion, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author.
Notes
1. Cornwall, “Save us from Saviours,” 14.
2. Ibid., 160–179.
3. See Kay, “Developing Through Sport.”
4. Collision and Marchessault, “Sport For Development.”
5. Coalter, “Sport for Development,” 47.
6. Collision and Marchessault, “Sport for Development,” 3.
7. I have used the term ‘image-ining’ throughout the paper, and in the title, to point to the power of using images and digital mediums as a means to promote alternative representations, ideas and/or identities, etc. in SDP work. In other publications, I have noted PAR work, and participatory visual methodologies more specifically – are important for promoting visual representations that participants have created ‘so that the local is privileged, and resistance to stewardship is (potentially) mobilized’ (Darnell and Hayhurst, “De-colonising Sport-for-Development,” 47).
8. That is, ‘though a number of northern SDP organizations do oversee, fund and facilitate initiatives in the south, this focus within critical SDP research has often tended to obscure understandings of the ways in which people living in the south experience the contributions (and limitations) of sport-based development efforts.’ Darnell and Hayhurst, “Hegemony, Postcolonialism and Sport-for-development,” 113.
9. McEwan, “Postcolonialism/Postcolonial Geographies,” 270.
10. Milne, “Saying No to Participatory Video,” 257.
11. See Jeanes and Lindsey, “Where’s the Evidence”?
12. See Darnell, “Playing With Race.”
13. See Hayhurst and Szto, “Corporatizing Activism Through Sport-focused Social Justice”?
14. Burnett, “And I Thought Apartheid Was Over …”
15. Lindsey et al., “Researching ‘Sustainable Development in African Sport’.”
16. Exceptions include ibid.; Author.
17. It is important to note that OCAP are principles first developed by the Steering Committee of the First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey. These principles are discussed as ‘an expression of self-determination in research’. See Schnarch, “Ownership, Control, Access.”
18. See Freire, “Creating Alternative Research Methods.”
19. Cammarota and Fine, “Participatory Action Research,” 1–12.
20. See Reid and Frisby, “Continuing the Journey.”
21. Anderson et al., “Community Research,” 20.
22. Roy, “Who’s Afraid of Postcolonial Theory”? 202.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. See Frisby, Maguire, and Reid, “The ‘f’ Word has Everything to Do With It”; Reid and Frisby, “Continuing the Journey.”
26. Anderson et al., “Community Research”; Cammarota and Fine, “Youth Participatory Action Research”; Reid and Frisby, “Continuing the Journey.”
27. Raghuram and Madge, “Postcolonial Development Geography,” 270–88.
28. Reid and Frisby, “Continuing the Journey,” 94.
29. McEwan, “Postcolonialism/Postcolonial Geographies.”
30. Ibid., 294.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.; Author; Reid and Frisby, “Continuing the Journey.”
33. See Author.
34. De Finney, “‘We Just Don’t Know Each Other’.”
35. Lawrence, “‘Real’ Indians and Others” in De Finney, “‘We Just Don’t Know Each Other’,” 473.
36. Coleby and Giles, “Discourses in Media Reports.”
37. Gardham et al., “Sport for Development for Aboriginal Youth in Canada.”
38. Author.
39. Vancouver Aboriginal Friendship Centre Society, “Our Programs – Recreation.”
40. Ibid.
41. In order to protect the identities of other organisations involved in the research that took place
in Nicaragua that wish to remain anonymous, this organisation will be referred to as ‘LNGO’
throughout the paper.
42. Hunt, “Passport to Development,” 267.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Bainbridge Ometepe, “Our Islands.”
47. Cobo del Arco, “Políticas de g´enero durante el liberalism.”
48. Sternberg, “Challenging Machismo.”
49. Wang, Burris, and Xiang, “Chinese Village Women.”
50. McEwan, “Postcolonialism/Postcolonial Geographies.”
51. Gallagher and Kim, “Moving Towards Postcolonial, Digital Methods in Qualitative Research,” 104.
52. Ibid., 104.
53. Lavallée, “Indigenous Research Framework,” 30.
54. Wang, “Photovoice.”
55. Lavallée, “Indigenous Research Framework”. Importantly, Lavallée contends that ‘researchers intending to use sharing circles cannot merely place people in a circle, share stories, and then use the term sharing circles. Researchers who are not familiar with the teachings and want to use sharing circles can involve an Indigenous person who carries this knowledge to guide the sharing circle’, (134). In both Vancouver and Nicaragua, sharing circles were led by individuals who were well versed in the cultural teachings of each community, 27.
56. Nabigon et al., “The Learning Circle” in Lavallée, “Indigenous Research Framework,” 29.
57. See Hayhurst et al., “I Want to Come Here to Prove Them Wrong.”
58. Ibid.
59. See Hayhurst et al., “I Want to Come Here to Prove Them Wrong.”
60. Willox et al., “Storytelling in a Digital Age.”
61. See Kay, “Developing Through Sport.”
62. cf. Thorpe et al., “‘Once my relatives see me on social media it will be very bad’.”
63. Castleden, Sloan Morgan, and Lamb, “Modifying Photovoice.”
64. McEwan, “Postcolonialism/Postcolonial Geographies,” 273.
65. Mitchell, “Looking at Showing.”
66. Hayhurst et al., “I Want to Come Here to Prove Them Wrong.”
67. FNIGC, “The First Nations Principles of OCAP.”
68. Ibid.
69. Espey, “Stewardship and OCAP,” in Schnarch, “Ownership, Control, Access,” 81.
70. Schnarch, “Ownership, Control, Access,” 81
71. Thorpe et al., “‘Once my relatives see me on social media it will be very bad’”. Also see Reid et al., “Finding the Action.”
72. Ponic, Reid, and Frisby, “Cultivating the Power.”
73. Reid et al., “Finding the Action.”
74. See Palamary, “In Your Experience.”
75. Schnarch, “Ownership, Control, Access,” 81.
76. Hayhurst et al., forthcoming, “Navigating Norms.”
77. Ibid., 81.
78. Cornwall, “Save us from Saviours,” 14.
79. Castelden, Garvin, and Huu-ay-aht First Nation, “Modifying Photovoice.”
80. See Angeles, “Feminist Demands, Dilemmas, and Dreams.”
81. Schnarch, “Ownership, Control, Access.”
82. Hayhurst et al., “Navigating Norms.”
83. Hayhurst et al., “I Want to Come Here to Prove Them Wrong.”
84. Spaaj, Oxford, and Jeanes, “Transforming Communities Through Sport.”
85. Burnett, “And I Thought Apartheid Was Over …”
86. Hayhurst et al, “Navigating Norms.”
87. Angeles, “Feminist Demands, Dilemmas, and Dreams”; and Burkenholder et al., “Title of Work.”