Complete sequence of the chloroplast genome of Asarum heterotropoides (Aristolochiales: Asarum L.)

Abstract

This article aims to introduce the Asarum heterotropoides complete chloroplast genome sequence information. Asarum heterotropoides complete length of 159,944 BP and the total content of GC was 38.5%, with SSC (16,677 BP) and LSC (88,253 BP) to a separate IR (27,261 BP) consisting of four typical structures. Asarum heterotropoides CP genome encodes 152 unique genes, including 103 protein-encoding genes, 41 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, and 44 copies in the IR region. One gene contains two genes in the 15 genes which contain one intron. The phylogenetic trees are based on 15 plants. The determination of A. heterotropoides was closely related to the phylogenetic position of Ceratophyllum demersum and its relationship with Chloranthus japonicus.

Keywords:

• Chloroplasts
• genomes
• phylogenetic tree

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Asarum sieboldii plants (Asarum) source for plants of Aristolochiaceae Asarum heterotropoides Fr.Schmldtvar. Mandshuricum (msxim.) Kitag, Asarumsieboldii Miq var. seoulcnse Nakai or Asarum sieboldii Miq. the root and rhizome of herbs with thems, the temperature of the resistance. And expelling wind and cold, Wenfei Huayin, Tongqiao analgesic effect. It can be used in the treatment of cold, toothache, headache, nasal congestion, sinusitis, rheumatism, cough, and phlegm in clinical. Stimulate hair growth treatment of hair loss (Seok-Seon; Roh et al. 2002). Asarum heterotropoide medicine name is Asarum north.

The main active site of Asarum is volatile oil. The results indicated a weak central, but potent peripheral antinociceptive effect of EO of AHM (Wang et al. 2014). The possible mechanism might be related to inhibition of histamine release, which plays an important role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (Liang et al. 2011). The contents of safrole and aristolochic acid A in Asari Radix et Rhizoma could be decreased to a different extent by processing techniques (Yan et al. 2015). The results show that the different sources of Asarum samples in the content of significant differences (Cao et al. 2015).

Prior to that, our only understanding is the almost complete chloroplast genome sequence of plant Asarum sakawanum (hota; Sakaguchi et al. 2017), GenBank:AP017908.1.

Asarum heterotropoides is one of the medicinal herbs in Liaoning Province. The samples were collected from Xinbin County, Liaoning Province (124°45′56.17″N, 41°23′17.38″E, 520 m at attitude); all the samples and the genomic DNA were deposited in herbarium of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

The complete genome sequence of CP Sch 159,944 bp long, the total content of GC was 38.5%, with SSC (16,677 bp) and LSC (88,253 bp) to a separate IR (27,261 bp) consisting of four typical structures. Asarum heterotropoides CP genome encodes 152 unique genes, including 103 protein-encoding gene, 41 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, and 44 copies in the IR region. One gene containing two introns of ycf3.15 gene which contains one intron: trnF-AAA, trnY-ATA, trnD-ATC, psbA, atpF, trnI-TAT, trnN-ATT, rpoC1, rpl2, ycf2, ycf15, ndhB, ndhA, ycf1, and rps12.

The cpDNA sequences of 14 plants were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using MEGA6. The determination of A. heterotropoides was closely related to the phylogenetic position of Ceratophyllum demersum and its relationship with Chloranthus japonicus. Others are commonly used in Chinese medicine, such as Panax ginseng chloroplast, Salvia miltiorrhiza, as well as some model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. A. thaliana is located in the middle. Panax ginseng chloroplast and Angelica dahurica showed similar relationship in the middle of the upper. Nicotiana tabacum and Salvia miltiorrhiza are closely related and the longest distance from A. heterotropoides (genebank:MK 577409) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree inferred using MEGA6 from 14 complete cp genomes. All the species accession numbers in this study are listed as below: Salvia miltiorrhiza JX312195.1, Nicotiana tabacum Z00044.2, Cynanchum auriculatum KT220734.1, Cynanchum wilfordii KT220733.1, Lonicera japonica KJ170923.1, Angelica dahurica KT963037.1, Panax ginseng AY582139.1, Arabidopsis thaliana KX551970.1, Aconitum carmichaelii KY407560.1, Clematis terniflora KJ956785.1, Fritillaria cirrhosa KY646167.1, Chloranthus japonicas KP256024.1, Asarum heterotropoides MK577409, Ceratophyllum demersum AM712908.1.

Acknowledgements

I feel grateful to all the teachers in the department of Medicinal Plant at Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to the company of BEIJING ORI-GENE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CORP., LTD.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The study was supported by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine [201407002].