Abstract
The circular mitogenome of 15,756 bp encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and it contains a control region. The nucleotide composition of the Protonemura datongensis mitogenome exhibits a marked A + T bias. Twelve PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except ND1 start with TTG. Eleven PCGs use the typical stop codon TAA/TAG, whereas the remaining COII and ND1 genes terminated with a single T. The phylogenetic result showed that the relationship among six genera within Nemouridae was (Indonemoura + (Mesonemoura + Sphaeronemoura)) + (Amphinemura + Nemoura).
The Plecoptera (stoneflies) comprises an ancient group of insects including about 3900 described species worldwide (DeWalt et al. Citation2020). Among these, the genus Protonemura comprises over 100 species worldwide (Li et al. Citation2017; DeWalt et al. Citation2020). However, despite the huge taxonomic diversity, current information regarding the mitogenome of stoneflies or this genus is very limited. To data, only two mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are sequenced for the genus Protonemura (Cao et al. Citation2019). In this study, we reported another mitogenome of this genus. The specimen of Protonemura datongensis was collected from Datong County (36.935°N, 101.468°E), Qinghai Province, China by Weihai Li in 2015. Samples and voucher specimens (VHL-0057) were deposited in the insect museum of Henan institute of Science and Technology, China. Total genomic DNA from the male adult’s thorax muscle was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Sequence reads were assembled into contigs with BioEdit version 7.0.5.3 (Hall Citation1999). Annotation of the complete mitochondrial genome was performed as described in previous studies (Li et al. Citation2017; Wang et al. Citation2017, Citation2018; Liu et al. Citation2018). In the present study, we sequenced and determined the complete mitogenome of P. datongensis by high-throughput sequencing method for further research (GenBank accession No. MT276842).
The mitogenome of P. datongensis is a typical circular DNA molecule of 15,756 bp in length. The mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and a control region, as found in most insects (Boore Citation1999). The nucleotide composition (A: 27.9%, T: 40.7%, C: 18.1%, G: 13.3%) of the P. datongensis mitogenome shows a marked A + T bias (68.6%). The mitogenome of P. datongensis harbored a total of 67 bp of intergenic spacers, made up of 11 individual regions ranging in size from 1 to 21 bp. There were 51 base pairs of overlapping regions total, at 15 intergenic positions, which ranged in size from 1 to 8 bp. All tRNAs had the canonical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for tRNASer(AGN) which lacked the dihydrouridine arm. All the PCGs except for ND1 started with a canonical start codon ATN, while the ND1 gene tentatively designated by the TTG codon. The typical termination codon (TAA or TAG) occurred in 11 PCGs, whereas COII and ND5 genes were terminated with a single T nucleotide. The small rRNA was 791 bp in length with A + T content of 69.7%, and the large rRNA was 1329 bp in length with A + T content of 73.0%.
The sequences of the 13 PCGs were concatenated to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among six genera of Nemouridae using the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) inferences methods. The two methods exhibited the same tree topologies (). Our result showed that Protonemura was closely related to the clade of Indonemoura + (Mesonemoura + Sphaeronemoura). The result was in congruence with the traditional morphology-based classification (Zwick Citation2000). The relationship among six genera within Nemouridae was (Indonemoura + (Mesonemoura + Sphaeronemoura)) + (Amphinemura + Nemoura).
Figure 1. Phylogenetic trees based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs by Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, J. Cao, upon reasonable request.
Additional information
Funding
References
- Boore JL. 1999. Animal mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 27(8):1767–1780.
- Cao JJ, Wang Y, Li WH. 2019. Comparative mitogenomic analysis of species in the subfamily Amphinemurinae (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) reveal conserved mitochondrial genome organization. Int J Biol Macromol. 138:292–301.
- DeWalt RE, Maehr MD, Neu-Becker U, Stueber G. 2020. Plecoptera species file online. [Accessed 27 Mar 2020]. http://Plecoptera.SpeciesFile.org.
- Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 41:95–98.
- Li H, Leavengood JJM, Chapman EG, Burkhardt D, Song F, Jiang P, Liu J, Zhou XG, Cai WZ. 2017. Mitochondrial phylogenomics of Hemiptera reveals adaptive innovations driving the diversification of true bugs. Proc R Soc B. 284:1862.
- Li WH, Murányi D, Yang D. 2017. Two new species of Protonemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, with biogeographical notes on the genus. Zootaxa. 4258(1):60–68.
- Liu YQ, Song F, Jiang P, Wilson JJ, Cai WZ, Li H. 2018. Compositional heterogeneity in true bug mitochondrial phylogenomics. Mol Phylogenet E. 118:135–144.
- Wang Y, Cao JJ, Li WH. 2017. The complete mitochondrial genome of the styloperlid stonefly species Styloperla spinicercia Wu (Insecta: Plecoptera) with family-level phylogenetic analyses of the Pteronarcyoidea. Zootaxa. 4243(1):125–138.
- Wang Y, Cao J, Murányi D, Li WH. 2018. Comparison of two complete mitochondrial genomes from Perlodidae (Plecoptera: Perloidea) and the family-level phylogenetic implications of Perloidea. Gene. 675:254–264.
- Zwick P. 2000. Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annu Rev Entomol. 45(1):709–746.