Abstract
Atractylodes koreana (Nakai) Kitam is a perennial herb of Asteraceae, mainly distributed in China and Korea, which is the main adulterant of traditional herbal medicine ‘Cangzhu’. In the present study, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. koreana with the total length of 153,232 bp, which is consisted of four regions, including one large single copy (LSC) region of 84,250 bp, one small single copy (SSC) region of 18,690 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 25,146 bp. The GC content of the complete cp genome is 37.7%. A total of 110 unique genes were annotated, comprising 79 protein-coding genes, 27 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and four ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes. Moreover, nine protein-coding genes contained one intron and three protein-coding genes (clpP, ycf3, and rps12) contained two introns. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. koreana is a sister group of A. chinensis and A. lancea.
Atractylodes (Asteraceae, Cardueae) is an important medicinal plant genus endemic to East Asia and comprises approximately seven species, five of which are distributed in China (Linrong Citation1987). The crude drugs derived from the rhizomes of Atractylodes plants have been used for treating gastroduodenal and code related diseases in China, Japan, and Korea, with a medicinal history of more than 2000 years (Peng et al. Citation2012). Among them, the dried rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and Atractylodes chinensis (Bunge) Koidz. have been categorized as ‘Cangzhu (So-jutsu, in Japanese)’, and the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. has been categorized as ‘Baizhu (Byaku-jutsu, in Japanese)’ (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Citation2020; Shiba et al. Citation2006). In addition, there are several easily confused species of the Atractylodes genus that have been used as the adulterants of ‘Cangzhu’ in the northeast China, such as Atractylodes koreana (Nakai) Kitam (Linrong Citation1987). However, the primary components obtained from A. lancea and A. koreana are significantly different, importantly the contents of atractylon and atractylodin (Liu et al. Citation2016). In this study, we characterized the structure of the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. koreana and analyzed its phylogenetic relationship with other species in Atractylodes genus.
The fresh leaves of A. koreana were collected from Chengde City, Hebei Province (N41°1′2″, E117°57′2″), and its plant materials (Sample ID: CDY-B-01) and voucher specimen (voucher number: HPAB008) were deposited in Chengde Medical University (http://www.cdmc.edu.cn/). The leaves of this specimen are undivided, lower and middle cauline leaves are narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, and base leaves are rounded and typically semiamplexicaul. Total genomic DNA was prepared from leaves using the plant genomic DNA extraction kit [Tiangen Biochemical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, China]. The concentration and quality of extracted DNA were examined using Qubit 4.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., USA). The Illumina NovaSeq platform was employed for high-throughput sequencing after the genomic DNA paired-end library was constructed using sheared fragments with an average insert size of 270 bp. Approximately 2.1 GB of raw data with paired-end reads of 150 bp were generated. Trimmonmatic v0.38 was employed to remove the adapters and low-quality reads from the sequencing output files (Bolger et al. Citation2014). After the quality control process, the clean reads were assembled into the cp genome sequence of A. koreana using a NOVOPlasty toolkit (Dierckxsens et al. Citation2017). The gene map and unique genes of the cp genome of A. koreana was generated simultaneously during the annotation process using CPGAVAS2 web service (Shi et al. Citation2019).
The whole cp genome sequence of A. koreana is with a length of 153,232 bp, and its sequence has been submitted to GenBank database (accession number: MW301113). The whole cp genome of A. koreana is quite conserved in gene content and shows a typical circular quadripartite structure including one LSC region of 84,250 bp, one SSC region of 18,690 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 25,146 bp. The total GC content of the whole cp genome is 37.7%. There are 110 unique genes in the whole cp genome sequence of A. koreana, including 79 protein-coding genes, 27 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes (rrn16S, rrn23S, rrn4.5S, and rrn5S). Among them, nine protein-coding genes contained one intron and three protein-coding genes (clpP, ycf3, and rps12) contained two introns. In addition, three genes petB, petD, and rpl16 contained small exons in the whole cp genome sequence of A. koreana, and the length of their small exons are 6 bp, 8 bp, and 9 bp, respectively. Moreover, rps12 was annotated as a trans-splicing gene. In addition, there is another chloroplast genome sequence of the A. koreana was found in GenBank with the accession number of MT834521, whose ycf15 gene was failed to be annotated, and four genes named atpB, ndhD, rpoA, and rpoC2 were incorrectly annotated with wrong start or stop positions. Moreover, there are some single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites that have been found in 17 protein-coding genes including ccsA, clpP, ndhA, ndhF, petB, psaA, psbB, psbE, rpl16, rpl20, rpoC1, rps3, rps4, rps16, rps19, ycf2, and ycf3. Their differences can be found in supplementary table 1.
The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on maximum likelihood (ML) method to confirm the phylogenetic position of A. koreana in the Atractylodes genus of family Asteraceae using RAxML v8.2.12 software (Stamatakis Citation2014) with 1000 bootstrap replicates. A total of 32 cp genomes were downloaded from GenBank for phylogenetic analysis (Cai et al. Citation2020; Wang et al. Citation2021). Lapsanastrum humile (Thunb.) Pak & K.Bremer from tribe Cichorieae and Gerbera jamesonii Bolus from tribe Mutisieae were used as the outgroup species. The phylogenetic tree showed that four species of genus Atractylodes formed one monophyletic clade with a high bootstrap value of 100 (). Compared with other species in the genus Atractylodes, A. koreana independently formed a branch as the sister group of the subclade of A. chinensis and A. lancea, with the high bootstrap score. A. koreana is mainly distributed in Liaodong, the northern part of Shandong and Hebei provinces of China, and its lower and middle cauline leaves are undivided, which are different from the morphological characters of the other Atractylodes species (Zhengyi Citation2011). This study provides valuable genetic information for the phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic treatment, genetic diversity and identification of A. koreana in Atractylodes genus.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree constructed using ML method based on 33 complete cp genomes. ML bootstrap values are labeled in the corresponding branch.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The genome sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank of NCBI at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under the accession no. MW301113. The associated Bio-Project, SRA, and Bio-Sample numbers are PRJNA682118, SRR13188655, and SAMN16985723, respectively.
Additional information
Funding
References
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