https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2629-6714
Abstract
Astragalus sinicus Linne 1767 is a traditional winter-growing green manure, that plays an important role in upgrading soil fertility and maintaining crop yield and quality for rice fields. This study reports the complete chloroplast genome of A. sinicus. The chloroplast genome contained 110 complete genes, including 76 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes with 123,830 bp in length and a 34.66% GC content with IR loss. The evolutionary history, referred to as the maximum-likelihood (ML), showed that A. sinicus and Astragalus bhotanensis were most closely related. The chloroplast genome analysis of A. sinicus will serve as a reference for future studies on species evolution, plant conservation, and molecular phylogeny in Astragalus.
Introduction
Astragalus sinicus Linne 1767, also known as Chinese Milk Vetch, is native to China and nowadays grows throughout southern China, Japan, and Korea (Li et al. Citation2008). Due to its nitrogen fixation capacity through symbiotic modulation with rhizobia, A. sinicus has become valuable green manure in organic farming and crop rotation (Chang et al. Citation2022). Astragalus sinicus promotes rice straw decomposition and decreases nitrogen runoff in rice-growing regions (Qiao et al. Citation2021; Zhou et al. Citation2021). Long-term application of A. sinicus in paddy significantly alleviates the bacterial community structure disorders caused by nitrogen fertilizer overuse, thereby improving rice’s growth and development habitat (Li et al. Citation2008; Zhang et al. Citation2017; Ma et al. Citation2018). To the best of our knowledge, research regarding A. sinicus is comparatively limited, and its chloroplast genome has been reported. This study de novo assembled the complete chloroplast genome of A. sinicus and investigated its phylogenetic relationships with other related species, providing a valuable resource for further research on species evolution, plant conservation, and molecular phylogeny.
Samples from Jiangxi Agriculture University (Qingshanhu, Nanchang, China; coordinates: 28.7597 N, 115.8352 E) were collected for sequencing. A specimen was deposited at the College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University (http://shenggong.jxau.edu.cn/, Licao Cui, email: [email protected]) under the voucher number KQnum20210807003. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh seedling leaves using the modified CTAB method (Doyle and Doyle Citation1987). A library with an insert size of 400 bp was constructed. the chloroplast genome was sequenced with 150 bp paired-end reads using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system (Personalgene, Nanjing, China). After removal of adaptor contamination and low-quality reads, a total of 4,687,222 clean reads were obtained for the entire DNA. The A5-MiSeq v20150522 (Coil et al. Citation2015) and SPAdes v3.9.0 (Bankevich et al. Citation2012) were used to de novo assemble the chloroplast genome with default parameters. The assembled sequences were orientated using the BLAST v2.12.0 (Boratyn et al. Citation2013) and MUMmer v3.1 (Kurtz et al. Citation2004) programs with Astragalus bhotanensis (NC_047381.1) as a reference sequence. Gene annotation was performed using CPGAVAS v2 (Shi et al. Citation2019).
The complete chloroplast genome of A. sinicus (GenBank accession number: OM287552) remains a cyclic form with IR loss, consistent with other Fabaceae species (Liu et al. Citation2020; Ding et al. Citation2021; Guo et al. Citation2021). The chloroplast genome encoded 110 genes, including 76 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. The total length was 123,830 bp and the overall GC content was 34.66%.
To further investigate the A. sinicus phylogenetic position, the chloroplast genome sequences of 10 Astragalus species and Oxytropis bicoloras were downloaded from NCBI to construct the phylogenetic tree, with O. bicoloras being an outgroup. Multiple sequence alignment of the full-length chloroplast genome sequences was performed using MAFFT v.7.313 (Katoh and Standley Citation2013). Then, a maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed by RAxML v.8.2.11 (Stamatakis Citation2014) under the GTRCAT model with 1000 bootstrap replicates (). The phylogenetic tree showed that A. sinicus clustered with A. bhotanensis, Astragalus galactites, Astragalus laxmannii, Astragalus strictus, and Astragalus nuttallianus with high support values, in line with previous reports (Ding et al. Citation2021). The A. sinicus displayed the closest phylogenetic relationships with A. bhotanensis. The A. sinicus complete chloroplast genome provides useful information for the taxonomy, evolution, and molecular biology study of genus Astragalus, and might also facilitate the genetic research and breeding of A. sinicus.
Figure 1. ML phylogenetic tree was constructed using RAxML v.8.2.11 based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences of 12 species. Numbers on branches are bootstrap support values from 1000 replicates.
Ethical approval
The Astragalus sinicus L. was grown and collected by Jiangxi Agriculture University (Nanchang, China), and all samples from this cultivar were adopted for all experiments. These plant materials do not include any wild species at risk of extinction. No specific permits are required for sample collection in this study. We comply with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation for plant study.
Authors’ contributions
Y.L. and L.C. designed and supervised the study. Q.K., H.S., W.L., M.T., and J.B. performed the analysis. W.L., M.T., and J.B. interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
We thank the High-Performance Computing Center of Northwest A&F University for providing computational resources for this work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank of NCBI at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, reference number OM287552. The associated BioProject, SRA, and Bio-Sample numbers are PRJNA802723, SRR17857198, and SAMN25582331, respectively.
Additional information
Funding
References
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