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Articles

“Wagering Life” in the Petro-City: Embodied Ecologies of Oil Flow, Capitalism, and Justice in Esmeraldas, Ecuador

Pages 549-557 | Received 01 Dec 2016, Accepted 01 Aug 2017, Published online: 17 Oct 2017
 

Abstract

This article uses a political ecology approach to examine how urban residents of the refinery city of Esmeraldas “wager life” under conditions of social and chemical toxicity associated with oil capitalism. The article draws on the scholarship on affective economies and critical oil geographies to trace the knotting of social reproduction and oil capital in Esmeraldas and to illustrate how “cruel optimisms” (Berlant Citation2011) allow city-dwellers to make sense of everyday life amidst frontier-style petro-capitalism. Focusing on personal narratives of social reproduction, affect, and hope in the city, the article first argues that “justice” can be contradictory and politically ambivalent and, second, challenges fixed readings of resistance, refusal, or submission in resource extraction–dominated sites. Rather than presupposing resistance to petro-capitalism or submission to its workings, the article illustrates the liveliness of urban justice struggles and how attention to embodied ecologies and affective oil economies deepens scholarship on social justice. Key Words: cruel optimisms, environmental justice, petro-capital, social reproduction, urban political ecology.

本文运用政治生态学取径, 检视埃斯梅拉达的炼油城市中的城市居民, 如何在石油资本主义的社会与化学毒性境况下 “拿生命作赌注。” 本文运用情绪经济和批判石油地理的学术研究, 追溯埃斯梅拉达的社会再生产与石化资本间的密切结合, 并描绘 “冷酷的乐观主义” (Berlant 2011) 如何让城市居民得以在边境型的石化资本主义中应对每日生活。聚焦城市中的社会再生产、情绪和希望的个人叙事, 本文首先主张, “正义” 可以是矛盾且在政治上模棱两可的。再者, 本文挑战对资源搾取支配场域中的抵抗、拒绝或顺从的固定解读。与其预设对石化资本主义的抵抗或屈从, 本文描绘出生动的城市正义斗争, 以及对于体现的生态和情绪性的石油经济之关注, 如何能够深化有关社会正义的学术研究。

Este artículo usa un enfoque de ecología política para examinar el modo como los residentes urbanos del centro de refinería de Esmeraldas se “juegan la vida” bajo las condiciones de toxicidad social y química asociadas con el capitalismo petrolero. El artículo se apoya en el cuerpo de erudición relacionado con las economías afectivas y las geografías críticas del petróleo para seguirle el rastro al nudo de la reproducción social y el capital del petróleo en Esmeraldas, y para ilustrar cómo “los crueles optimismos” (Berlant 2011) permiten a los citadinos dar sentido a la vida cotidiana en medio de petro-capitalismo de estilo fronterizo. Enfocándonos en narrativas personales de reproducción social, afecto y de esperanza en la ciudad, el artículo arguye primero que “la justicia” puede ser contradictoria y políticamente ambivalente y, segundo, reta las lecturas fijas de resistencia, rechazo o sumisión en los sitios dominados por la extracción de recursos. Más que suponer una resistencia al petro-capitalismo o una sumisión a sus designios, el artículo ilustra la vivacidad de las contiendas por la justicia urbana y el modo como la atención a las ecologías implicadas y las economías petroleras afectivas profundiza la erudición sobre la justicia social.

Acknowledgments

My special thanks to Marcela Benavides, Kati Alvarez, Janeth Cando, Andrea Castillo, Yarita Giler, Hector Lañón, Paola Lastre, and Carlos Erazo for their friendship, insight, and collective generosity. This research would not be possible without those who opened their doors and shared their life stories in Esmeraldas. All errors of interpretation remain mine.

Note

Notes

1. I thank Héctor Lañón for introducing me to the phrase jugarse la vida in reference to the everyday risks of making a life worth living in Esmeraldas.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Award 1259049 and by The Institute for the Arts and Humanities (IAH) at the University of North Carolina.

Notes on contributors

Gabriela Valdivia

GABRIELA VALDIVIA is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include political ecologies of extractive industries, resource governance, and environmental justice in Latin America.

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