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Extractivism, Populism, and Authoritarianism

Neoliberalizing Authoritarian Environmental Governance in (Post)Socialist Laos

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Pages 338-348 | Received 01 Dec 2017, Accepted 01 Aug 2018, Published online: 15 Feb 2019
 

Abstract

The (post)socialist nation of Laos has pursued neoliberal economic reforms over the past decade that have facilitated the concession of state lands to foreign resource investors for mining, hydropower, and plantation projects. Five percent of the national territory has been ceded and tens of thousands of peasants have been displaced from their customary lands. In this article, I argue that the development of the resource sector has been facilitated by a political–economic regime of neoliberal authoritarianism. Resource extraction is driven by neoliberal economic policies that prize rapid gross domestic product growth, foreign resource investment, and wage-based rural development. This emerging neoliberalism, however, is matched with and dependent on state authoritarianism. The state seeks to assert control over rural lands throughout the country and often peasants are displaced from using these lands when heavy-handed state coercion and repression of peasant resistance are applied. This is particularly apparent in the establishment of industrial tree plantation territories in southern Laos. Efforts by civil society organizations to highlight these injustices and protect rural land rights are often silenced by the state. Fissures in the neoliberalization of authoritarian development are being exposed, however, due to new forms of resistance among the peasantry that threaten its future viability. Key Words: authoritarianism, Laos, neoliberalism, postsocialism, resource extraction.

过去十年来,(后)社会主义国家老挝追求将国家土地转让给矿业、水力发电和发电厂计画的外国资源投资者之新自由主义经济改革。国土的百分之五被割让,而数以千万计的农夫从惯常生活的土地上被迫迁徙。我于本文中主张,资源部门的发展受到新自由主义威权主义的政治经济体制所推进。资源搾取是由重视国内生产总值的快速增长、外国资源投资,以及基于工资的乡村发展的新自由主义经济政策所驱动。然而此一浮现中的新自由主义,却是与国家威权主义相符合并依赖其生存。国家寻求对全国农村土地进行控制,而农民使用这些土地而经常遭受迫迁时,则面临国家对农民反抗的粗暴胁迫与镇压。此般境况在老挝南部发展产业植林的领土上特别显着。公民社会组织凸显这些不公义和保护农村土地权利的努力,经常被国家噤声。但由于农民所採取的崭新反抗形式,威权主义发展的新自由主义化的内部分歧遭到暴露,并威胁其未来的可行性。 关键词:威权主义,老挝,新自由主义,后社会主义,资源搾取。

La nación (post)socialista de Laos ha perseguido reformas económicas neoliberales durante la pasada década que han facilitado la concesión de tierras del estado a inversionistas extranjeros en recursos para minería, hidroelectricidad y proyectos de plantaciones. El cinco por ciento del territorio nacional ha sido cedido y decenas de miles de campesinos han sido desplazados de sus tierras habituales. En este artículo, sostengo que el desarrollo del sector de los recursos ha sido facilitado por un régimen político–económico de autoritarismo neoliberal. La extracción de recursos es orientada por políticas económicas neoliberales que valoran el rápido crecimiento del producto nacional bruto, la inversión foránea en recursos y el desarrollo rural basado en salario. Este neoliberalismo emergente, sin embargo, va emparejado con el autoritarismo estatal y depende del mismo. El estado busca reafirmarse en el control de las tierras rurales a través de todo el país y a menudo los campesinos son desplazados del uso de estas tierras cuando se aplica contra la resistencia campesina la mano dura de la coerción y represión del estado. Esto es particularmente aparente en el establecimiento de territorios para plantaciones de árboles industriales en el sur del país. Los esfuerzos de organizaciones de la sociedad civil para destacar estas injusticias y proteger los derechos a la tierra rural son a menudo silenciados por el estado. Sin embargo, fisuras en la neoliberalización del desarrollo autoritario están siendo expuestas, debido a nuevas formas de resistencia entre el campesinado que amenazan viabilidad futura de aquel modelo de desarrollo.

Notes

Notes

1 Although Laos, like China and Vietnam, is typically referred to as postsocialist, I place post in parentheses to reference that the socialist political regime founded in 1975 is still in place and continues to pursue the goals of socialist development but now by market means.

2 GDP per capita is adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) in constant 2011 U.S. dollars (World Bank Citation2017b).

3 Similar processes have been recognized in Baird and Le Billon (Citation2012) and Kenney-Lazar, Suhardiman, and Dwyer (Citation2018).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Miles Kenney-Lazar

MILES KENNEY-LAZAR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570. E-mail: [email protected]. His research is focused on the political ecology of agro-industrial plantation expansion in Laos and Myanmar, especially peasant contestations of land grabbing.

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