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Historical and Comparative Perspectives

Authoritarian Environmental Governance: Insights from the Past Century

Pages 314-323 | Received 01 Dec 2017, Accepted 01 Aug 2018, Published online: 11 Feb 2019
 

Abstract

For over a decade, nature–society geographers have focused on neoliberal and, more recently, postneoliberal environmental governance. Meanwhile, regimes in many nations have become less democratic and other countries, such as the United States, have elected leaders sympathetic to autocrats. Yet despite the spread of authoritarianism, nature–society geographers have as of yet devoted little attention to the subject, which hampers us as we confront this authoritarian moment. This article addresses this oversight but by examining the past rather than the present. Drawing on work by historians in general and environmental historians in particular, I explore authoritarian environmental governance in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, and Nazi Germany, three countries and eras largely overlooked by nature–society geographers. I focus in particular on agricultural collectivization, industrialization and river development, and nature conservation under authoritarian regimes. Understanding past authoritarian environmental governance will enable nature–society geographers to better reckon with the environmental ramifications of a possible new authoritarian era. Key Words: authoritarianism, environmental governance, Nazism, socialism.

近十年来,自然—社会地理学者聚焦新自由主义的环境治理,更晚近则聚焦后新自由主义的环境治理。于此同时,诸多国家的政体已变得更不民主,诸如美国等其他国家,则选出了同情独裁者的领导者。尽管威权主义有所扩散,自然—社会地理学者却仍尚未对该主题投入足够关注,并使我们在面对此一威权时刻时受到束缚。本文应对此一疏忽,但是是通过检视过往、而非当下。我运用普遍的历史研究、特别是环境史研究,探讨苏联、毛时代的中国以及纳粹德国中的环境治理,这三个国家与时代受到自然—社会地理学者大幅忽略。我特别聚焦威权政体下的农业集体化、工业化与河川发展及自然保育。理解过往的威权环境治理,将能让自然—社会地理学者更佳地应付可能的新威权年代中的环境后果。 关键词: 威权主义, 环境治理, 纳粹主义, 社会主义。

Durante más de una década los geógrafos que se especializan en la relación naturaleza–sociedad han concentrado su atención en la gobernanza ambiental neoliberal y, más recientemente, en la gobernanza ambiental posneoliberal. Entretanto, en muchas naciones los regímenes de gobierno se han hecho menos democráticos y otros países, tal como los Estados Unidos, han elegido líderes que simpatizan con los autócratas. Pero a pesar de la propagación del autoritarismo los geógrafos de la naturaleza-sociedad hasta el momento han prestado poca atención a este asunto, lo que nos debilita cuando tenemos que lidiar con el momento autoritario actual. Este artículo aboca este descuido, aunque examinando más el pasado que el presente. Con base en el trabajo de los historiadores en general, y de los historiadores ambientales en particular, exploro la gobernanza ambiental autoritaria en la Unión Soviética, la China maoísta y la Alemania nazi, tres países y eras en gran medida ignorados por los geógrafos de la naturaleza–sociedad. Me centro particularmente en la colectivización agrícola, la industrialización y desarrollo fluvial, y la conservación de la naturaleza bajo regímenes autoritarios. Entender la gobernanza ambiental autoritaria pasada capacitará a los geógrafos de la naturaleza–sociedad para lidiar mejor con las ramificaciones ambientales de una posible nueva era autoritaria.

Many thanks to special issue editor James McCarthy and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this article.

References

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Notes on contributors

Robert Wilson

ROBERT WILSON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography in the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1020. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include environmental history, historical geography, and histories of environmental management and governance.

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