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Articles

Attack the Data: Agency, Power, and Technopolitics in South African Data Activism

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Pages 623-639 | Received 22 Nov 2018, Accepted 11 Jun 2019, Published online: 23 Sep 2019
 

Abstract

This article deploys a discursive–material analytical framework to trace how perceptions of data power are constructed in urban activist circles against data’s capacity to advance grassroots political goals. By framing South African data activism practices as a form of technopolitics—a concept that foregrounds the coconstitution of politics and technology through their anchoring to normative discourses—this analysis identifies how data are enrolled to substantiate a grassroots political discourse of spatial injustice yet how, through contestation by government officials, the fragility of data as objects of grassroots political power is laid bare. This empirical study of service provision social audits in Johannesburg and Cape Town shows how governments have effectively resisted their findings by singling out the quantitative data as a weak actor, exploiting this as an opportunity to advance their own political discourse of responsibility around service provision. In revealing how grassroots power was eventually strengthened through a strategic redistribution of agencies, the article then advances a nondeterministic understanding of data power and agency as relational, partial, and provisional and enacted through the coconstitution of people, technologies, and discourses, which might resonate with other examples of data activism and further urban data assemblages. These findings add empirical weight to claims of empowerment made in the emerging fields of data activism and data justice, and they raise further important questions for geographers and others interested in the ways in which data are enrolled to enact grassroots politics, as well as the discursive–material dimensions of urban technopolitics more generally. Key Words: data determinism, data imaginary, data justice, spatial justice, technopolitics.

本文部署一个论述—物质分析架构, 用来追溯城市行动主义者的圈子如何建构相对于数据能力的数据权力感知, 以推进草根政治目标。本分析通过将南非数据行动主义实践架构为一种技术政治的形式——一个通过政治与技术在规范性论述中的定锚来凸显两者的共构关系之概念——指认数据如何被引用来具体化空间不正义的草根政治论述, 但在与政府官员的争夺中, 数据作为草根政治权力的目标之脆弱性如何被揭露。此一针对约翰内斯堡与开普敦的服务供给社会审计之经验研究, 显示政府如何有效地通过单独选出量化数据作为弱的行动者, 利用其作为推进他们对于服务供给责任的自身政治论述之机会, 藉此反对调查结果。通过揭露草根力量如何透过行动者的策略性重分布而最终受到强化, 本文推进对于数据权力与行动者作为关系性、部分且暂时性的, 并且通过人们、技术与论述的共同组成进行的非决定性理解, 并可能与其他数据行动主义案例和进一步的城市数据凑组产生共鸣。这些发现, 为浮现中的数据行动主义和数据正义领域中的培力宣称增加经验的重量, 并进一步为地理学者和其他关心数据纳入来推动草根政治的方式、以及更广泛的城市技术政治之论述—物质面向者, 提出重要的质疑。关键词:数据决定论, 数据想像, 数据正义, 空间正义, 技术政治。

Este artículo despliega un marco analítico discursivo–material para rastrear el origen del modo como son construidas las percepciones del poder de los datos en círculos activistas urbanos en contra de la capacidad de los datos para promover metas políticas comunitarias. Enmarcando las prácticas sudafricanas del activismo de datos como una forma de tecnopolítica—un concepto que promueve la co-constitución de la política y la tecnología por medio de su anclaje a los discursos normativos—este análisis identifica el modo como se inscriben los datos para sustanciar un discurso político básico de la injusticia espacial, pese a que la fragilidad de los datos como objetos del poder político de base se revele por medio de su impugnación por oficiales gubernamentales. Este estudio empírico de auditorías sociales a la provisión de servicios en Johannesburgo y Ciudad del Cabo muestra cómo los gobiernos han resistido de manera efectiva sus hallazgos al señalar los datos cuantitativos como un actor débil, explotando esto como una oportunidad para promover su propio discurso político sobre responsabilidad acerca de la provisión de servicio. Revelando cómo el poder de base fue eventualmente fortalecido a través de la distribución estratégica de agencias, el artículo avanza enseguida un entendimiento no determinista sobre el poder de los datos y de la agencia como relacional, parcial y provisional, y promulgados por medio de la co-constitución de gente, tecnologías y discursos, lo cual podría resonar con otros ejemplos del activismo de los datos y promover los ensamblajes de datos urbanos. Estos descubrimientos agregan peso empírico a demandas del empoderamiento logrado en los campos emergentes del activismo de datos y de la justicia de datos, y plantean otros importantes interrogantes a los geógrafos y otros con interés en los modos como los datos son enrolados para promulgar políticas de base, lo mismo que de manera más general las dimensiones discursivo–materiales de la tecnopolítica urbana. Palabras clave: determinismo de datos, imaginario de datos, justicia de datos, justicia espacial, tecnopolítica.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to the peer reviewers and Editor Nik Heynen, research participants in Johannesburg and Cape Town, and Alex Wafer and students at Wits University.

Notes

1 Although described as one of the world’s most progressive RTI laws, PAIA requests are often ignored, delayed, or denied.

2 See also recent work on communicative figurations (e.g., Hepp, Breiter, and Hasebrink Citation2017; Couldry and Hepp Citation2018).

Additional information

Funding

A portion of the research for this article was conducted during a visiting fellowship at Wits University, Johannesburg, which was funded by the South African National Research Foundation.

JONATHAN CINNAMON is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. His research develops methods for spatial data production and visualization for low-resource settings and attends to the ethical and political implications of data and technologies in processes of social change.

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