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Articles

Please Enter Your Home Location: Geoprivacy Attitudes and Personal Location Masking Strategies of Internet Users

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 586-605 | Received 30 Nov 2018, Accepted 03 Jul 2019, Published online: 10 Oct 2019
 

Abstract

Location masking, or geomasking, is a practice typically undertaken by data stewards who wish to release a georeferenced data set without infringing on the privacy of those whose data are involved. With numerous opportunities to transmit our personal locations through electronic devices, individuals have the agency through masking to stem the flow of their location data or otherwise engage in obscuring their locations. Relatively little is known about the factors that influence individuals to protect their location privacy and the extent to which they do so. Joining a growing recognition of individual-level privacy efforts, this study examines the predictors of personal-level location masking and the relationships among geoprivacy-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Using a probability-based sample and an open online sample from California, this study finds that in situ personal masking behavior is consistent across demographic groups. A key attitude influencing whether or not participants choose to mask location is trust in Web sites to protect their personal data. Greater knowledge about how location data are transmitted and higher concern for privacy are positively correlated with masking behavior. Key Words: geomasking, geoprivacy, obfuscation, privacy, survey.

地点屏蔽,或是地理屏蔽,是数据管理专员为了释放标示地理的数聚集、但不侵犯数据所有者的隐私时所採用的特定方法。通过电子设备传输我们的个人地点的机会众多,个人具有通过屏蔽来阻止其地点数据的流动抑或是反之从事混淆其地点的能动性。影响个人保护其地点隐私、以及他们这样做的程度之因素却相对不为人知。本研究接合对个人层级隐私之努力逐渐增加的认识,检视个人层级地点屏蔽的预测因素,以及与地理隐私相关的知识、态度与行为之间的关系。本研究运用来自加州的一个根据或然率的样本以及开放式网路样本,发现原地的个人屏蔽行为在各人口群体之间是一致的。影响参与者是否选择屏蔽地点的主要态度,是信任网站保护其个人数据。对于地点数据如何传送有较多的知识,以及对隐私的较高考量,则与屏蔽行为呈现正相关。关键词:地理蒙蔽,地理隐私,使困惑,隐私,调查。

El ocultamiento de la localización, o geoenmascaramiento, es una práctica que típicamente usan los administradores de datos que quieren liberar un conjunto de datos georreferenciados sin vulnerar la privacidad de aquellos cuya información está involucrada. Con las numerosas opciones disponibles para trasmitir nuestras localizaciones personales a través de aparatos electrónicos, la gente puede ejercer agencia por medio del ocultamiento para contener el flujo de sus datos de localización, o, de otro modo, puede actuar para oscurecer sus ubicaciones. Relativamente poco se conoce acerca de los factores que influyen sobre los individuos en términos de proteger su privacidad locacional, y sobre el alcance con el que ellos lo hacen. Uniéndonos al creciente reconocimiento de los esfuerzos por asegurar la privacidad individual, este estudio examina los predictores del ocultamiento de localización a nivel personal y las relaciones entre el conocimiento asociado con geoprivacidad, las actitudes y el comportamiento. Usando una muestra basada en probabilidad y una muestra abierta online en California, este estudio encuentra que el comportamiento de ocultamiento personal in situ es consistente a través de los grupos demográficos. Una actitud clave que determina si los participantes deciden o no enmascarar la localización es el confiar en la protección de sus datos personales en sitios Web. Un conocimiento más grande sobre el modo como los datos de localización se trasmiten y una mayor preocupación por la privacidad se correlacionan positivamente con la conducta del ocultamiento.

Acknowledgment

We thank Krzysztof Janowicz for his comments and suggestions, which contributed greatly to this work.

Supplemental Material

The full text of the survey instrument employed in this study can be accessed on the publisher’s Web site.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Dara E. Seidl

DARA E. SEIDL is a graduate of the joint doctoral program in geography between San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4493, and the University of California, Santa Barbara. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include geoprivacy, spatiotemporal data analytics, and geographic information science.

Piotr Jankowski

PIOTR JANKOWSKI is a Professor in the Department of Geography at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4493. E-mail: [email protected]. He is also a visiting professor at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland. His research interests include spatial decision support systems, public participation GIS methods, and uncertainty in spatial models.

Keith C. Clarke

KEITH C. CLARKE is Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060. E-mail: [email protected]. His research covers the fields of cartography, geographic information science, remote sensing and geocomputation.

Atsushi Nara

ATSUSHI NARA is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4493. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests focus on geographic information science, spatiotemporal data analytics, geocomputation approaches, and complex adaptive systems applied to study human mobility, urban dynamics, and interdisciplinary fields.

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