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Articles

Making Darkness a Place-Based Resource: How the Fight against Light Pollution Reconfigures Rural Areas in France

Pages 196-215 | Received 28 Dec 2018, Accepted 25 Feb 2020, Published online: 19 May 2020
 

Abstract

Light pollution refers to the degradation of darkness through the use of artificial light at night in and around human infrastructures. This pollution is intrinsically related to urbanization and spills out from urban areas to affect both rural and protected areas. Several countries are organizing the fight against light pollution. There, local communities are experimenting with environmental policies designed to protect darkness. The challenge is about preserving biodiversity and fostering the energy transition. In France, a number of pioneering rural areas are experimenting with mechanisms that include this dual implication. Two of them provide the case study for this article. We show how these areas turn darkness into a specific resource. We identify three specification processes. The first obeys an anthropocentric utilitarian rationale and is part of the “economicization” of the environment in the line of shallow ecology. The second follows a rationale of ecocentric conservation and is part of the radical ecologization of the economy, in line with deep ecology. The third is in keeping with an integrated socioecosystemic rationale enshrining the interdependence between development, planning, the preservation of biodiversity, and energy savings. Local areas are plagued with specification controversies. These areas become incubation rooms; that is, spaces for resolving these controversies. These are reflected in a transition operator enabling the local area to take a fresh trajectory in terms of development and planning.

光污染是指夜晚在人类设施内部和周围使用人工照明而导致的黑暗度消退。光污染本质上与城市化有关,从城市溢出进而影响到乡村地区和保护区。一些国家正在进行光污染的治理,在社区层面上尝试着采用环境政策去保护黑暗。光污染治理面临的挑战是:既要保护生物多样性,同时也要培育能源的转型。针对该双重挑战,法国的一些乡村正在进行机制上的试验。本文以法国的两个乡村地区为例,介绍了这两个地区如何把黑暗转化为一种资源。本文采用了三个不同方法来定义黑暗资源。第一个方法遵从以人为本的实用主义原则,是浅生态学中环境经济化的组成部分。第二个方法采用以生态为中心的保护主义,属于深生态学中激进的经济生态化。第三个方法基于整合社会和生态系统的理念,体现了发展、规划、生物多样性保护和节能的相互依赖。这三个对黑暗资源的不同定义存在着分歧,给各乡村带来了困惑。将这些乡村做为解决分歧的孵化场所,其结果体现在一个转型器中,该转型器使得乡村地区可以选择新的乡村发展和规划途径。

La polución lumínica se refiere a la degradación de la oscuridad mediante el uso de luz artificial durante la noche dentro de las infraestructuras humanas y sus alrededores. Esta contaminación está intrínsecamente relacionada con la urbanización y se difunde desde las áreas urbanas para afectar por igual áreas rurales y áreas protegidas. Varios países se están organizando para luchar contra la polución lumínica. En consecuencia, las comunidades locales están experimentando con políticas ambientales diseñadas para proteger la oscuridad. El reto es el de preservar la biodiversidad al tiempo que se fomenta la transición energética. En Francia existe un número de áreas rurales pioneras que están experimentando con algunos mecanismos que incluyen esta implicación dual. Dos de estos constituyen el estudio de caso para este trabajo. Mostramos cómo estas áreas convierten la oscuridad en un recurso específico. Identificamos tres procesos de especificación. El primero de ellos concuerda con una lógica utilitaria antropocéntrica y forma parte de la “economización” del medio ambiente en la línea de ecología superficial. El segundo sigue una lógica de conservación ecocéntrica y hace parte de la ecologización radical de la economía, en línea con la ecología profunda. El tercero está en mantenerse dentro de una lógica ecosistémica integrada, consagrando la interdependencia entre desarrollo, planificación, la preservación de la biodiversidad y el ahorro energético. Las áreas locales están asoladas con las controversias sobre especificación. Estas áreas se convierten en salas de incubación; esto es, espacios donde resolver estas controversias. Estas se reflejan en un operador de la transición que habilita el área local para que tome una trayectoria fresca en términos del desarrollo y la planificación.

Funding

This work was co-funded by the UMR CNRS 6049 ThéMA, the USR CNRS 3516 MSH Dijon, and the OHM Pyrénées Haut Vicdessos, LabEx DRIIHM, French program “Investissements d'Avenir,” ANR-11-LABX-0010, which is managed by the National Research Agency (ANR).

Notes

1 According to Barreteau et al. (Citation2016), we understand the notion of territory as a social construct combining material dimensions—(bio)physical and ecological characteristics of space—and immaterial dimensions—social representations, discourses, or images produced in a specific space that transform space into territory, making it socially and culturally invested.

Additional information

Funding

This work was co-funded by the UMR CNRS 6049 ThéMA, the USR CNRS 3516 MSH Dijon, and the LabEx DRIIHM, French program “Investissements d’Avenir,” ANR-11-LABX-0010, which is managed by the National Research Agency (ANR).

Notes on contributors

Dany Lapostolle

DANY LAPOSTOLLE is Assistant Professor in the ThéMA Laboratory (UMR CNRS 6049) at the University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000 France. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on the energy transition and the preservation of biodiversity in land-use planning and development policies.

Samuel Challéat

SAMUEL CHALLÉAT is Guest Researcher in the GÉODE Laboratory (UMR CNRS 5602) at the University of Toulouse 2, Toulouse, 31058 France. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on the territorialization processes of the fight against light pollution, the preservation of the nighttime environment, and the valorization of darkness as a place-based resource.

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