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Theorizing Displacements

Cumulative Socionatural Displacements: Reconceptualizing Climate Displacements in a World Already on the Move

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Pages 664-673 | Received 30 Nov 2020, Accepted 14 Jun 2021, Published online: 13 Oct 2021
 

Abstract

Climate-induced displacement is attracting increasing media, state, and scholarly attention, albeit often in a way that situates migration as either an example of climate adaptation or a failure thereof. Whether depicted as success or failure, both framings can invisibilize the preexisting socioenvironmental processes that render climate-induced migrations necessary—or, conversely, that can inhibit them entirely. Perspectives on displacement and environmental migration from within political ecology and human geography offer an alternative register, looking beyond unidirectional socioeconomic or environmental drivers to document how uneven development reproduces displacements relationally and historically. Drawing on these theorizations, as well as empirical research from agrarian Southeast Asia, this article develops the notion of cumulative socionatural displacements as one approach for conceptualizing socioecologically driven displacement in a world already on the move. We demonstrate this approach through an analysis of displacement in Southeast Asia that begins by tracing the evolving state, market, and agroecological relations that have made mobility integral to agrarian viability while setting the stage for more intense climate impacts. In doing so, we also center the long-term (nonclimatic) environmental changes that are often sidelined in both anthropocentric debates on rural displacements and climate doomsday scenarios. We argue that examining climate-induced migration as just one facet of cumulative socionatural displacements is necessary for overcoming the ontological and political impasses engendered by prevailing narratives that collapse climate migration into convenient but misleading binaries.

气候移民吸引了媒体、国家和学术界越来越多的关注, 并将此做为气候适应的成功或失败案例。成功和失败这两个框架, 都掩盖了已有的、导致或阻止气候移民的社会环境过程。从政治生态学和人文地理学角度去研究迁移和环境移民, 能通过一个不同的视角, 超越了单向的社会经济或环境驱动因素, 记录不均衡发展如何在关系和历史上重新产生迁移。基于这些理论和对农业为主的东南亚地区的实证研究, 本文提出了累积社会自然迁移的概念, 以此去理解迁移世界中由社会生态所驱动的迁移。我们通过分析东南亚的迁移来证明这一方法。首先, 追踪了国家、市场和农业生态关系的演变, 这些关系促使流动性成为农业生存能力的组成部分, 同时为更强烈的气候影响奠定了基础。由此, 在以人类为中心的、关于农村迁移和气候末日情景的长期辩论中, 我们还关注辩论中常常被忽略的长期非气候环境变化。我们认为, 将气候移民作为累积社会自然迁移的一个层面进行研究, 可以避免将气候移民简化为具有误导性的二元化描述所带来的本体论和政治上的困境。

El desplazamiento inducido por el clima está atrayendo crecientemente la atención mediática, estatal y académica, aunque con frecuencia de una manera que coloca a la migración bien como un ejemplo de adaptación climática, o como un fracaso de la misma. Sea que se la considere éxito o fracaso, ambas calificaciones pueden invisibilizar los procesos socioambientales preexistentes que hacen que las migraciones inducidas por el clima sean necesarias––o que, por el contrario, sean completamente inhibidas. Las perspectivas sobre desplazamiento y la migración ambiental, desde la ecología política y la geografía humana, ofrecen un registro alternativo, viendo más allá de los controles socioeconómicos unidireccionales o ambientales, para documentar el modo como el desarrollo desigual reproduce los desplazamientos relacional e históricamente. Basándose en estas teorizaciones, lo mismo que en investigación empírica del sudeste asiático agrario, este artículo desarrolla la noción del desplazamiento socionatural acumulativo como un enfoque para el desplazamiento orientado socioecológicamente en un mundo ya de por sí en movimiento. Demostramos este enfoque por medio de un análisis del desplazamiento en Asia del Sudeste, el cual empieza trazando las relaciones estatales, mercantiles y agroecológicas en evolución que hacen de la movilidad una parte integral de la viabilidad agraria, al tiempo que se prepara el terreno para impactos climáticos de mayor intensidad. Al hacerlo, centramos también los cambios ambientales de largo plazo (no climáticos) que a menudo son soslayados tanto en los debates antropocéntricos sobre los desplazamientos rurales como en los escenarios ominosos del clima. Argumentamos que examinar la migración inducida por el clima como una mera faceta de los desplazamientos socionaturales acumulativos es necesario para solucionar los impases ontológicos y políticos engendrados por las narrativas dominantes que colapsan la migración climática dentro de binarios tan convenientes como engañosos.

Acknowledgments

We thank Sopavanh Rassapong and Saithong Budphavong, and the staff at Helvetas Laos; Nguyen Hieu Trung, Van Pham Dang Tri, and the staff of the DRAGON Institute at Can Tho University; and Agung Prabowo, Andika Nur Perkasa, Armadina Az Zahra for invaluable research assistance and support.

Notes

1 The New York Times, for instance, ran a front-page magazine article titled “The Great Climate Migration,” which noted that some 19 percent of the world will be inhabiting a “barely livable hot zone” by 2070, and asked, “Where will they go?” (italics added; The New York Times and Lustgarten Citation2020).

Additional information

Funding

The authors acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 1740135).

Notes on contributors

Lisa C. Kelley

LISA C. KELLEY is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO 80217. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research combines political ecology, critical agrarian studies, and remote sensing to understand ongoing agrarian and forest changes.

Annie Shattuck

ANNIE SHATTUCK is an Assistant Professor of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research engages agrarian change, agroecology, and rural health.

Kimberley Anh Thomas

KIMBERLEY ANH THOMAS is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Urban Studies at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research takes a political ecology approach to understanding the relationship between land use practices, uneven power dynamics, and human vulnerability to environmental hazards.

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