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Urbanization and Infrastructures

Vertical Gentrification: A 3D Analysis of Luxury Housing Development in New York City

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Pages 772-780 | Received 19 Nov 2020, Accepted 21 Dec 2021, Published online: 08 Mar 2022
 

Abstract

New York City has experienced a boom in elite “luxury” housing development. With large apartments and expansive amenity spaces, luxury buildings offer uncrowded living in an otherwise densely populated landscape. However, making space for these luxuries requires novel engineering, especially high-rise development. This article maps the expanding footprint of luxury real estate in three dimensions, analyzing 943 housing projects built between 2000 and 2020. It assesses how construction of taller buildings with larger footprints increased height and volume of the built environment, and how these landscape changes interact with social changes related to gentrification. On average, new build luxury development increased height by 6.8 stories and more than doubled building volumes. Building heights and volumes are also significantly larger than neighboring structures. The resulting intensification of land investment leads to new kinds of displacements, especially middle class displacement. Vertical development is closely associated with super-gentrification, the further intensification of gentrification processes in already gentrified or otherwise middle class neighborhoods.

美国纽约市兴起了精英“豪华”住宅的开发。豪华建筑拥有大型公寓和大量便利设施, 在人口稠密的景观中提供了不拥挤的生活。然而, 为这些奢侈品腾出空间需要新颖的建筑工程, 尤其是高层开发。本文分析了2000年至2020年建成的943个住宅项目, 在三维空间上描绘了豪华房地产的扩张足迹。评估了更高更大的建筑如何增加建成区的高度和体积, 以及这些景观变化如何与高档化导致的社会变化相互作用。平均而言, 新建豪华开发项目在高度上增加了6.8层、在体积上增加了一倍多。建筑高度和建筑体积也明显大于毗邻建筑。由此产生的土地投资的加剧, 导致了新型的迁移, 特别是中产阶级的迁移。超级高档化、现有高档化社区或中产阶级社区的深度高档化过程, 与垂直开发密切相关。

La Ciudad de Nueva York ha experimentado gran auge en la construcción de viviendas de “lujo” para la élite. Con grandes apartamentos y amplios espacios de disfrute, los edificios de lujo ofrecen un estilo de vida sin aglomeraciones en un paisaje por lo demás densamente poblado. Sin embargo, para dar cabida a estos lujos es necesaria una ingeniería novedosa, particularmente en los edificios de gran altura. Este artículo traza la huella en expansión de los inmuebles de lujo en tres dimensiones, analizando 943 proyectos residenciales construidos entre el 2000 y el 2020. Se evalúa cómo la construcción de los edificios más altos de mayor impacto incrementó la altura y el volumen del entorno edificado, y cómo interactúan estos cambios en el paisaje con las transformaciones sociales relacionados con la gentrificación. En promedio, las nuevas construcciones de lujo aumentaron su altura en 6.8 pisos y duplicaron el volumen edificado. Las alturas y los volúmenes de los edificios son también significativamente mayores que las estructuras vecinas. La consiguiente intensificación de la inversión en terrenos provoca nuevos tipos de desplazamientos, en especial de la clase media. El desarrollo vertical está estrechamente ligado con la supergentrificación, o sea que es mayor la intensificación del proceso de gentrificación en vecindarios ya gentrificados de clase media.

Acknowledgments

Tencia Henry and Emily VanVleck worked as research assistants, generating parts of the data sets. Jayson Funke and Eric Goldfischer read drafts of the article. Kendra Strauss and three anonymous reviewers provided editorial feedback. Any errors or omissions are solely my own.

Additional information

Funding

This project received funding from a PSC-CUNY Research Award (#63097-00 51) and the Medgar Evers College Faculty Innovation Fund.

Notes on contributors

John Lauermann

JOHN LAUERMANN is an Assistant Professor of Geography at Medgar Evers College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225. E-mail: [email protected]. His research critically analyzes the planning and sociospatial impacts of elite real estate development.

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