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Urbanization and Infrastructures

Rebordering South Asia: Displaced Persons and Urbanization

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Pages 742-752 | Received 07 Dec 2020, Accepted 22 Dec 2021, Published online: 08 Mar 2022
 

Abstract

This article analyzes displacement in the context of three communities in South Asia: Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Sri Lankan Tamils in India, and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. In each of these cases, refugee management emerges out of the complexities of geopolitics and humanitarianism and becomes central to urban questions of the right to move and remain in the city. Drawing on scholarship in the geopolitics of migrant (im)mobilities, refugee studies, and South Asia studies, we argue that displacement threatens the contours of belonging and citizenship across South Asian nation-states. For these reasons, the cities where the displaced live have become the locus of national unbelonging and state violence through entangled forms of securitization and urbanization. In particular, we detail the spatial and socioeconomic segregation of displaced populations in which they are subject to mundane bureaucratic violence and the role that social class plays in navigating the exclusions triggered by displacement. In the cities where the displaced settle, the displaced shape the urban economy, whereas the state applies strategies of spatial control that aim to nationalize urban space while maintaining the refugees as forever displaceable.

本文分析了三个南亚社区的迁移:巴基斯坦的阿富汗难民、印度的斯里兰卡泰米尔人和孟加拉国的罗辛亚难民。在每个社区, 难民管理凸显地缘政治和人道主义的复杂性, 难民管理也成为离开或留在城市的权力这样一个城市问题的核心。根据移民(不)流动性的地缘政治学、难民研究和南亚研究的学术成果, 我们认为, 迁移威胁着所有南亚国家的归属感和公民身份状况。由于这些原因, 通过错综复杂的证券化和城市化, 迁移者居住的城市已经成为无国家归属和国家暴力的中心。特别的, 我们详细介绍了迁移人口的空间隔离和社会经济隔离, 这些人口经受了世俗官僚暴力、迁移排斥中的社会阶层效应。在迁移者居住的城市, 迁移者塑造了城市经济, 国家则实施了旨在将城市空间国有化同时保证难民能永远地被迁移的空间控制策略。

Este artículo analiza el desplazamiento en el contexto de tres comunidades del sur asiático: los refugiados afganos en Pakistán, los tamiles de Sri Lanka en la India, y los refugiados rohingya en Bangladesh. En cada uno de los tres casos, el manejo de los refugiados surge como consecuencia de las complejidades de la geopolítica y el humanitarismo, y se convierte en el aspecto medular de las cuestiones urbanas relativas al derecho a moverse y a permanecer en la ciudad. Con el apoyo de estudios doctos sobre la geopolítica de las (in)movilidades de los migrantes, los estudios sobre refugiados y los estudios sobre el Sur de Asia, sostenemos que el desplazamiento amenaza los contornos de la pertenencia y la ciudadanía a través de los estados-nación del sur asiático. Es por estas razones por las que las ciudades en donde viven los desplazados se han convertido en el locus de la falta de pertenencia nacional, y de la violencia de estado a través de enmarañadas formas de titulación y urbanización. Detallamos la segregación espacial y socioeconómica de las poblaciones desplazadas, dentro de la cual son objeto de la violencia burocrática mundana, y el papel que desempeña la clase social en la navegación de las exclusiones inducidas por el desplazamiento. En las ciudades donde se han asentado los desplazados ellos dan forma a la economías urbana, mientras que el aparato estatal aplica estrategias de control espacial que pretenden nacionalizar el espacio urbano y mantener a los refugiados como gente permanentemente desplazable.

Notes

1 The Q Branch is one of the Criminal Investigation Department wings of Tamil Nadu police formed in 1969 to investigate cases of the Naxal Movement.

2 Officially known as Tatmadaw.

3 Pathan is the term to refer to Pashtuns in Hindi and Urdu.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sharif A. Wahab

SHARIF A. WAHAB is a Graduate Student in the Department of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include forced migration and displacement in South Asia and the urban politics of refugees.

Ishan Ashutosh

ISHAN ASHUTOSH is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include South Asian diaspora, transnational migration, and the urban politics of race and ethnicity.

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