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Articles

Dasymetric Population Mapping Using Building Data

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Pages 1001-1019 | Received 02 Aug 2023, Accepted 10 Jan 2024, Published online: 27 Mar 2024
 

Abstract

The goal of this research was a quantitative-spatial high-resolution analysis of population distribution based on residential building data extracted from topographic objects database. Attribute information on residential buildings (location, volume, function) provides opportunities to estimate the number of residents. The recalculation of the population from the urban units of Cracow into new spatial units was based on the area-weighted aggregation method. The location of residential buildings constituted a limiting variable, and the total square meterage (calculated as the area of the buildings and the number of their floors) constituted the binding variable. The introduction of additional binding variables related to the type of building and its location, as well as various methods of determining the square meterage per building type, resulted in the creation of a total of nineteen maps of population. As a result, the best methods for the correct geographic scale and segmentation of residential building type—single family or multifamily—were identified. For the input data, based solely on the amount of population in urban units, the calculated value of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the 1 × 1 km grid was 310.8 percent, and for the root mean square error (RMSE) was 1,476 people. In the dasymetric method, directly associating the population with the volume of residential buildings, the errors fell to 21.9 percent and 632 people, respectively. The best result was obtained for the variant based on minimizing the RMSE, associating the number of residents to single-family buildings (2.88 people/building) and associating the number of residents to the square footage in multifamily buildings (37.1 m2/person; MAPE = 19.2 percent, RMSE = 556 people).

基于从地形对象数据库中提取的住宅建筑数据, 本文对人口分布进行定量和高分辨率的空间分析。住宅建筑的属性信息(位置、体积、功能)可用于估计居民数量。采用面积加权聚合方法, 将波兰克拉科夫城市单元人口重新计算为不同空间单元的人口。本文以住宅建筑位置为限制变量, 以建筑大小(建筑面积和层数)为约束变量。将建筑类型及其位置作为附加约束变量, 通过对每种建筑类型的多种面积计算方法, 绘制了19张人口地图。确定了对住宅建筑类型的地理尺度和划分最佳方法(单户或多户)。如果仅仅基于城市单元人口, 1 × 1公里网格的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为310.8%, 均方根误差(RMSE)为1,476人。分区密度制图方法结合人口和住宅建筑体积, 误差分别降至21.9%和632人。最小化RMSE、将居民人数与单户建筑(2.88人/栋)和多户建筑面积(37.1平方米/人)相关联, 能实现最佳结果(MAPE = 19.2%, RMSE = 556人)。

El propósito de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis cuantitativo-espacial de alta resolución sobre la distribución de la población, con base en datos de las edificaciones residenciales, extraídos de una base de datos de objetos topográficos. La información relacionada con los atributos de los edificios residenciales (ubicación, densidad, función) da la oportunidad de calcular el número de residentes. El recálculo de la población de las unidades urbanas de Cracow, en nuevas unidades espaciales, se basó en el método de agregación ponderada por áreas. La localización de edificios residenciales se constituyó en una variable limitadora, y la totalidad de metros cuadrados (calculada como el área de los edificios y su número de pisos) constituyó la variable vinculante. La introducción de variables vinculantes adicionales relacionadas con el tipo de edificación y su ubicación, lo mismo que los varios métodos para determinar los metros cuadrados por tipo de edificio, resultaron en la creación de un total de diecinueve mapas de población. Como resultado, se identificaron los mejores métodos para la escala geográfica correcta y la segmentación de del tipo de edificio residencial –unifamiliar o multifamiliar–. Para los datos de entrada, basados solamente en el volumen de población de las unidades urbanas, el valor calculado del error medio porcentual absoluto (MAPE) en la cuadrícula de 1 x 1 km fue de 310,8 por ciento, y para el error cuadrático medio (RMSE) fue de 1.476 individuos. En el método dasimétrico, asociando directamente la población con el volumen de edificios residenciales, los errores descendieron al 21,9 por ciento y a 632 personas, respectivamente. El mejor resultado se logró por la variante basada en la minimización del RMSE, asociando el número de residentes a edificios unifamiliares (2,88 personas/edificio) y asociando el número de residentes a los metros cuadrados en edificios multifamiliares (37,1 m2/persona; MAPE 19,2 por ciento, RMSE = 556 personas).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ms. Karolina Bender and Ms. Malgorzata Timek for performing the computational work involved in converting the statistical data to the new spatial units and performing the calculations involved in minimizing MAPE and RMSE errors.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Tomasz Pirowski

TOMASZ PIROWSKI is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Engineering, at AGH University of Krakow, Poland. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the use of remote sensing and GIS for research related to environmental monitoring (including urban environments), landscape change, sustainability, and archaeology.

Bartłomiej Szypuła

BARTŁOMIEJ SZYPUŁA is an Assistant Professor in the Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include geomorphometry, LiDAR technology, geomorphology (relief classifications and anthropogenic relief), and GIS.

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