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Articles

The Impact of Urban Scaling Structure on the Local-Scale Transmission of COVID-19: A Case Study of the Omicron Wave in Hong Kong Using Agent-Based Modeling

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Pages 1079-1097 | Received 17 Sep 2023, Accepted 25 Jan 2024, Published online: 03 Apr 2024
 

Abstract

Superspreading events underscore the uneven distribution of COVID-19 transmission among individuals and locations. These heterogenous transmission patterns could stem from human mobility, yet the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we employ an agent-based model incorporating urban scaling structure to simulate fine-grained mobility and the human-to-human transmission process. Our results reveal that not only the quantity but also the scaling structure of mobility profoundly influences local transmission risk. Urban scaling structure is characterized by a widely found power-law scaling distribution of mobility volumes across different locations. By integrating this structure, our model fits reasonably well with empirical Omicron data at various spatial scales in Hong Kong. Further analyses show a positive association between the scaling index, representing the location’s importance within the structure, and local transmission risks among urban areas as well as the likelihood of becoming superspreaders among local visitors. This implies that urban scaling structure could offer the first-mover advantage to a minority of places and individuals to infect earlier and thus infect more. This study brings important insights for the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and similar diseases, highlighting the role of urban scaling structure in influencing local transmission risks and superspreading events.

超级传播事件突显了新冠肺炎在个人之间和位置之间的不均衡传播。这些异质性传播模式可能源于人类流动性, 但我们并不了解其内在机制。我们使用智能体模型并结合城市标度结构, 模拟了精细化流动性和人际传播过程。结果表明, 流动性的数量和标度结构都深刻影响了局部传播风险。城市标度结构是在不同位置上都呈现的流动量幂率标度分布。通过结合城市标度结构, 我们的模型与不同空间尺度上的香港奥密克戎经验数据非常吻合。深入分析表明, 标度指数代表了位置在结构中的重要性, 并分别与城市各区域的局部传播风险、局地访客成为超级传播者的可能性呈正相关关系。这意味着, 城市标度结构为少数地方和个人提供了先动优势, 使其更早发生传染并传染更多人。本研究为新冠肺炎和类似疾病的传播动态提供了重要见解, 突出了城市标度结构在影响局部传播风险和超级传播事件中的作用。

Los eventos de largo alcance subrayan la distribución desigual del contagio con COVID-19 entre individuos y localidades. Estos patrones heterogéneos de transmisión de la enfermedad podrían provenir de la movilidad humana, pero los mecanismos subyacentes todavía no son comprendidos a cabalidad. Aquí, nosotros empleamos un modelo basado en agente en el cual se incorpora la escala de la estructura urbana para simular la movilidad en detalle fino y el proceso de transmisión de persona a persona. Nuestros resultados revelan que no solamente la cantidad sino también la estructura de la escala de la movilidad influye profundamente en los riesgos locales de transmisión. La estructura escalar urbana se caracteriza por una distribución escalar de la muy común ley de potencia de los volúmenes de movilidad a través de diferentes localidades. Integrando esta estructura, nuestro modelo se ajusta razonablemente bien con los datos empíricos de Ómicron a diversas escalas espaciales, en Hong Kong. Análisis adicionales permiten ver una asociación positiva entre el índice escalar, que representa la importancia de la localización dentro de la estructura, y los riesgos locales de transmisión entre áreas urbanas, lo mismo que la posibilidad de que se conviertan en superdifusores entre los visitantes locales. Esto implica que la estructura escalar urbana podría ofrecer la ventaja del primero en moverse a una minoría de lugares e individuos para empezar a infectar más temprano y de ese modo infectar más. De este estudio se derivan importantes perspectivas sobre la dinámica de contagio del COVID-19 y enfermedades similares, destacándose el rol de la estructura escalar urbana en lo que concierne a las influencias que orientan los riesgos de transmisión local y los eventos de gran alcance relacionados

Acknowledgments

The authors express sincere appreciation to Professor Ling Bian and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable assistance and constructive comments. Our gratitude extends to Professor Bin Jiang for inspiring this article with his influential work. We are thankful for Professor Xun Shi’s valuable advice provided during CPGIS 2023.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s site at: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313517

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ningyezi Peng

NINGYEZI PENG is a PhD Student in the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include GIScience, complexity science, and environmental health.

Xintao Liu

XINTAO LIU is an Associate Professor in the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interest focuses on GIScience, transportation geography, and complex network. He is particularly interested in integrating advances in machine learning into human mobility modeling, human–environment interactions analysis, and human behavior analysis across physical and virtual spaces.

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