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Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Revue canadienne des soins respiratoires et critiques et de la médecine du sommeil
Volume 7, 2023 - Issue 1
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Clinical Pathological Conference

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in an adolescent girl with rapidly progressive dyspnea

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Abstract

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease, especially in pediatrics, but important to consider, as it may avoid unnecessary and/or invasive investigations and delayed diagnosis. This case report highlights an adolescent girl with rapid onset dyspnea but an unremarkable physical exam and initial testing. However, due to a high index of suspicion, a chest computed tomography (CT) scan was done, revealing a “crazy paving” pattern, which then prompted expedited assessment. This finding, however, is not as specific as often discussed and has a broad differential diagnosis, which will be reviewed in detail as part of this case. Furthermore, this report demonstrates a diagnostic approach for PAP that avoids lung biopsy, previously considered to be required for diagnosis of PAP, but is increasingly becoming unnecessary with more advanced blood tests and understanding of their sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, management strategies for PAP will be briefly discussed.

RÉSUMÉ

La protéinose alvéolaire pulmonaire auto-immune (PAP) est une maladie rare, en particulier en pédiatrie, mais elle est importante à considérer, car elle peut éviter des investigations inutiles et/ou invasives et un diagnostic tardif. Ce rapport de cas met en évidence une adolescente souffrant d’une dyspnée d’apparition rapide mais un examen physique et un test initial n’ont rien révélé d’anormal. Cependant, en raison d’un indice de suspicion élevé, une tomodensitométrie thoracique (TDM) a été effectuée, révélant un motif de « pavage fou », ce qui a ensuite entraîné une évaluation accélérée. Toutefois, cette constatation n’est pas aussi précise qu’on le dit souvent et présente un large diagnostic différentiel, qui sera examiné en détail dans le cadre de ce cas. De plus, ce rapport démontre une approche diagnostique de la PAP qui évite la biopsie pulmonaire, auparavant considérée comme nécessaire pour le diagnostic de la PAP, mais qui devient de plus en plus inutile avec des tests sanguins plus avancés et la compréhension de leur sensibilité et de leur spécificité. De plus, les stratégies de prise en charge du PAP seront brièvement discutées.

Disclosure statement

The authors have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to declare in regard to this case.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and their parent for publication of this case report and accompanying images.

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

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