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ABSTRACT
Traditional Chinese martial arts have a long history. In terms of cultural positioning, traditional martial arts have two main functions, namely, to promote patriotism and to provide opportunities for commercial exploitation. These are primarily reflected in the combat style and the expressive nature of traditional martial arts. In addition, martial arts can be useful in the governance of contemporary Chinese society, as they have the potential to boost morale and patriotic sentiment among the public. However, there is evidence that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) manages traditional martial arts in a closed and independent way which obstructs the internationalization and scientific development of traditional martial arts.
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Notes
1. Brownell, Training the Body for China; Morris, Marrow of the Nation.
2. Xu, Olympic Dreams: China and Sports.
3. “Wo geren de shijian duqu ne ar liao” Section A4.
4. DeMarco, Asian Martial Arts, Monks, and Ways of Thought.
5. Li, “Ni youjirou wo you shengong: waiguo dalishi beiou shi.”
6. Lu, Politics and Identity in Chinese Martial Arts; Lu, A History of Shaolin: Buddhism, Kung Fu and Identity.
7. Xi, “Jianding wenhua zixin, jianshe shehuizhuyi wenhua qiangguo.”
8. “Guanyu shishi zhonghua youxiuchuantong wenhua chuancheng fazhan gongcheng de yijian.”
9. “Ezhi liuxing wenhua disuhua qushi, saochu disuwenhua.”
10. Perry, “Cultural Governance in Contemporary China,” 29–55.
11. Perry, Anyuan: Mining China’s Revolutionary.
12. Nicholls, The Way of the Panda: The Curious History of China’s Political Animal.
13. Brady, Marketing Dictatorship.
14. “Jigou shezhi.”
15. Xiao, “Chuantong wushu zhu dongao: qiangshen jianti lian qilai.”
16. “Huanyuan kangri zhong de wushu zhenmianmu,” Section B9.
17. Zheng, “Taier zhuang zhanyi zhong de wushujia Zhang Zhijiang.”
18. Xu, “Xu Shiyou huiyilu,” 637.
19. Wu, “Shaolin jiangjun Qian Jun de chuanqi rensheng,” 36–37.
20. Sun, “Ruya Zhou Enlai: yinni jianghu de wulin gaoshou,” 43.
21. Chang, “Zhou Enlai de wushu jiaoshi: Han Muxia,” 34–38.
22. “Mao zhuxi wannian ye mi Li Xiaolong,” 22.
23. Wu, “Niepan chongsheng de zhongguo wushu.”
24. Wang, “Shaolinsi sanshinian zaihuishou,” 109.
25. For a related discussion, see Palmer, Qigong Fever.
26. “Chenglong chunwan xianchang, yiju geci rang zhongguo wangyou gantan: fengci juewang.”
27. “Huo Yuanjia: jingwu bizu, minzu yingxiong, aiguo wushujia.”
28. Han, Wuhun: ji zhongguo sanda chuangshiren zhiyi Mei Huizhi xiansheng de fengyu rensheng, 91–99.
29. Yang and Yang, Zhonghua renmin gongheguo wushushi, 74–82.
30. Qin, “Dang zhongyang shouci mingque jiancheng wenhuaqiangguo shijianbiao.”
31. Keane, China’s New Creative Clusters, 4–5.
32. “Guowuyuan guanyu jiakuai fazhan tiyuchanye cujin tiyu xiaofei de ruogan yijian.”
33. “Hongse gonghu yueju hongshengguan qidon, gjiangyu qiyue xiaxun shouyan.”
34. “Dadao shadishu li qishizai fengyu zaixian fengcai” [“Broad Sword Killing the Enemy,” Section FA 14.
35. “Shijie gongfu zhicheng, zhege zhaopai Foshan zenme caliang?” Section AII04.
36. “Guowang xianxi lueguo buti: zhongguo guanmei zan jinyong daxia,” Section A 14.
37. “Gongfu zhengba lianchengjue.”
38. Qin and Yang, “Richu songshanao, chongju shaolinsi xilie, qunzhong wenhua huodong zai zheng qidong.”
39. “Cong wenhua zixin de gaodu chuancheng zhongguo chuantong wushu.”
40. “Han Feilong wansheng dongou quanwang, shizhan taiji xianshenwei.”
41. “Yan bicheng UFC de chongyang guannian bixu jiuzheng, Han Feilong daibiaoliao zhongguo wushu de wenhua zixin.”
42. “MMA xuanshou ershimiaonei dadao taiji quanshi.”
43. “Zhongguo wuxia: yuejia xingwei youwei wude shexian weifa.”
44. Jie Mian, “Ma Baoguo xianxiang shi wushu wenhua chanye de weiji xinhao.”
45. “Renmin ribao pinglun: Ma Baoguo naoju, gai like shouchangliao.”
46. “Zhongguo wushuxiehui guanyu jiaqiang hangye zilu hongyang wushu wenhua de changyishu.”