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ABSTRACT
The properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites are diminished when exposed to high temperatures. Despite high-grade fibers, additives, and fillers, the polymer matrix is thermally unstable. Numerous studies are conducted to modify thermos and thermoset polymers in order to increase their thermal stability, thermal degradability, and flammability. The thermal properties of a composite are determined by the percentages of additives, fibers, coatings, and fabrication methods. This review goes into detail about developing and testing high-temperature polymer composites, which will be useful for both beginners and experts. At high temperatures, nano-ceramic particles like graphene, diamonds, glass powders, mica powders, and corundum improve polymer thermal stability and mechanical properties. Fuel cell electrodes, ultra-capacitors, and lightning hoists may employ these composites.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Abbreviations
| MMC | = | Metal matrix composites |
| CMC | = | Ceramic matrix composites |
| NASA | = | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| TiO2 | = | Titanium dioxide |
| Wt.% | = | Weight percentage |
| TG | = | Thermogravimetric |
| C/C | = | Carbon/carbon |
| PLA | = | Polylactic acid |
| DSC | = | Differential scanning calorimetry |
| XRD | = | X-Ray diffraction |
| HHC | = | Human hair derived carbon |
| SEM | = | Scanning electron microscope |
| PVDF | = | Poly(vinylidene fluoride) |
| HDPE | = | High density polyethylene |
| TPEE | = | Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer |
| PDMS | = | Polydimethylsiloxane |
| hBN | = | Hexagonal Boron Nitride |
| 3D | = | Three dimensional |
| 4D | = | Four dimensional |
| CNT | = | Carbon Nano tubes |
| BN | = | Boron Nitride |
| PVA | = | Polyvinyl Alcohol |
| TMCS | = | Trimethylchlorosilane |
| HMDS | = | Hexamethyldisilane |
| PVOH | = | Polyvinyl Alcohol |
| RMI | = | Reactive melt infiltration |
| GNP | = | Graphene Nano platelets |
| SiO2 | = | Silicon Dioxide |
| MgO | = | Magnesium oxide |
| AL2O3 | = | Aluminium oxide |
| CuO | = | Cupric oxide |
| TaC | = | Tantalum carbide |
| HfB2 | = | Hafnium diboride |
| ZrB2 | = | Zirconium diboride |
| MWCNT | = | Multi walled carbon Nano tubes |
| SiCnws | = | Silicon carbide Nano wires |
| VARIM | = | Vacuum assisted resin infusion molding |
| CFRP | = | Carbon fiber reinforced polymers |
| BNO | = | Hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride |
| PVC | = | Polyvinyl Chloride |
| PBS | = | Polybutylene succinate |
| TPU | = | Thermoplastic Polyurethane |
| PA6 | = | Polyamide 6 |
| SWNT | = | Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes |
| ZIF-8 | = | Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 |
| Sb2O3 | = | Antimony trioxide |
| IFR-Na-REC | = | Intumescent fire retardant sodium modified rectorite |
| Ph-LDH | = | Phytic acid modified layered double hydroxide |
| GFRP | = | Glass fiber reinforced polymer |
| EMI | = | Electromagnetic interference |
| UiO-66 | = | Universitetet i Oslo |
| PMMA | = | Polymethyl methacrylate |
| MOF | = | Metal organic framework |
| LaB6 | = | Lanthanum hexaboride |
| TaSi2 | = | Tantalum silicide |
| HfC | = | Hafnium carbide |
| Py – PBI | = | Pyridine functionalized polybenzimidazole |
| SiCN | = | Silicon carbon nitride |
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the management of Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for providing Seed grant (SG20230112) to carry out this research work. The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for the financial support through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FGRS/1/2019/STG07/UPM/02/2, grant number 5540320, as well as Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Laboratory of Bio-composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (HICOE) for the close collaboration in this research.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
G. Sakthi Balan
Mr. G.Sakthi Balan is currently a research scholar at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. He received his M.E., in the field of Manufacturing Engineering from MIET Engineering College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India which is affiliated to Anna University, Chennai. He has teaching experience of around 5 years. His current area of research interest includes the design and development of functionally graded materials, Eco-friendly green composites, Degradation analysis on polymers, Implementation of polymer composites for defense applications, Structural deformation studies on bio-inspired structures, Compatibility studies of various polymers and matrices. He has published around 24 research articles and also participated in national and international conferences conducted by reputed institutions.
S. Aravind Raj
Dr. S .Aravind Raj is an Associate Professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering at Vellore Institute of Technology University, India. His research area is focused on additive manufacturing processes and their applications in manufacturing industries, biomimetic structures, industrial systems engineering, and Industry 4.0 projects. He has published 32 international journals papers in leading SCI/ SCOPUS indexed journals and 34 papers in reputed conference proceedings; he is the co-author for eight book chapters and has edited four books.
Farah Syazwani Shahar
Dr. Farah Syazwani Shahar is a young researcher currently working as a post-doctoral scholar at the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. She received her PhD (Material Engineering) and Master of Science (Innovation and Engineering Design) from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2022 and 2018, respectively. She also received her Bachelor’s degree (Biomedical Electronic Engineering) from Universiti Malaysia Perlis in 2016. Her academic background has helped hone her skills and knowledge in multi-disciplinary research. Her current research mainly focuses on biomaterials, composite materials, structure design, and damage analysis.
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, known as M.T.H. Sultan, is an accomplished professional with titles including Professional Engineer (PEng), Professional Technologist (PTech), and Chartered Engineer (CEng). He serves as UPM Press Director at Universiti Putra Malaysia, formerly leading the Biocomposite Technology Lab. Holding a Ph.D. from the University of Sheffield, he has excelled in a diverse 18-year career in teaching and research.Expertise ranges from Hybrid Composites to Structural Health Monitoring. Sultan boasts 320 international journal papers, 35 books, and honors, including a 2017 Leaders in Innovation Fellowship from the Royal Academy of Engineering. Collaborations include AIRBUS, Malaysian Airlines, and Proton, and he's held roles in bodies like the Malaysian Society of Structural Health Monitoring.