Examining the voice of Israeli transgender women: Acoustic measures, voice femininity and voice-related quality-of-life

Abstract

Background

Transgender women may experience gender-dysphoria associated with their voice and the way it is perceived. Previous studies have shown that specific acoustic measures are associated with the perception of voice-femininity and with voice-related quality-of-life, yet results are inconsistent.

Aims

This study aimed to examine the associations between specific voice measures of transgender women, voice-related quality-of-life, and the perception of voice-femininity by listeners and by the speakers themselves.

Methods

Thirty Hebrew speaking transgender women were recorded. They had also rated their voice-femininity and completed the Hebrew version of the TVQ^MtF questionnaire. Recordings were analyzed to extract mean fundamental frequency (F0), formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3), and vocal-range (calculated in Hz. and in semitones). Recordings were also rated on a voice-gender 7-point scale, by 20 naïve cisgender listeners.

Results

Significant correlations were found between both F0 and F1 and listeners’ as well as speakers’ evaluation of voice-femininity. TVQ^MtF scores were significantly correlated with F0 and with the lower and upper boundaries of the vocal-range. Voice-femininity ratings were strongly correlated with vocal-range, when calculated in Hz, but not when defined in semitones. Listeners’ evaluation and speakers’ self-evaluation of voice-femininity were significantly correlated. However, TVQ^MtF scores were significantly correlated only with the speakers’ voice-femininity ratings, but not with those of the listeners.

Conclusion

Higher F0 and F1, which are perceived as more feminine, jointly improved speakers’ satisfaction with their voice. Speakers’ self-evaluation of voice-femininity does not mirror listeners’ judgment, as it is affected by additional factors, related to self-satisfaction and personal experience. Combining listeners’ and speakers’ voice evaluation with acoustic analysis is valuable by providing a more holistic view on how transgender women feel about their voice and how it is perceived by listeners.

Keywords:

• transgender
• women
• acoustic analysis
• voice therapy
• TVQMtF
• Hebrew

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the participants for their openness and contribution to this study. Dr. Ilan Roziner is greatly acknowledged for his assistance and guidance in the performance of the data analyses. The Màavarim (“Passageways”) Association is acknowledged for the assistance in approaching and recruiting potential participants. Dr. Noam Amir is acknowledged for his help in computerizing the listening task.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.