Abstracts

Abstract

REPORT ON THE 3RD WORKSHOP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CONCERTED ACTION—EVALUATION/VALIDATION OF NOVEL BIOSENSORS IN REAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOOD SAMPLES, MAÓ, MENORCA (BALEARIC ISLAND), SPAIN, NOVEMBER 2–4, 2003 by Francesco Ricci and Giuseppe Palleschi, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: The 3rd Workshop of the European Concerted Action “Evaluation/Validation of novel biosensors in real environmental and food samples” was held on the Island of Menorca for 3 days (2–4 November 2003) and was attended by more than 50 participants from EU countries and the USA. During the 3 days, participants presented their results on the development of new types of biosensors for environmental and food analysis application and on the validations of such probes. The workshop was divided into five different oral presentation sessions including pathogen detection (Session 1), immunosensors and immunoassay (Session 2), receptor assays (Session 3), biosensor validation (Session 4), enzyme‐based biosensors (Session 5) and a general poster session. The first day of the meeting was dedicated to the welcome and introduction and to the Session 1. During the second day (3rd of November) Sessions 2, 3, and 4 together with a poster session took place. The last day (4th of November) was devoted to Session 5 and to the final remarks of the meeting. The first session was preceded by a welcome given by the meeting organizer Prof. D. Barcelò and by a scientific and economic general report of the project leader (Prof. D. P. Nikolelis) on the general activity of the concerted action. Prof. Nikolelis summarised the activities carried out during the first 2 years as well as the possible future interactions and the future needings for the conclusion of the concerted action.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1259–1267, 2004

Abstract

A NOVEL CAPACITIVE SENSOR BASED ON HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN–CHELANT COMPLEX AS HEAVY METAL IONS CHELATING PROTEINS by Fan Yin, Department of Chemistry, Changshu College, Changshu, 215500, P.R. China

ABSTRACT: In the present study, a capacitive sensor based on human serum albumin (HSA)–chelate complex film as dielectric layer has been fabricated. HSA film was immobilized on gold surface by adsorption method. Thioglycolic acid was used to improve insulatibity of HSA film. The sensors with HSA–chelant complex films as sensing element provide affinity to heavy metal ions. The HSA–disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) capacitive sensor exhibits considerable sensitivity for heavy metal ions, whereas the HSA–nitronapthalenediazoaminobenzene‐4′‐azobenzene (Cadion 2β) capacitive sensor possessed selectivity for cadmium ion. The relative capacitance change, −ΔC _i/C ₀, vs. logarithm form of cadmium ion concentrations, log c, displayed a linear relationship. The linear range was 1 × 10⁻⁷–6.3 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1269–1284, 2004

Abstract

SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL FLUORESCENCE PROBE MODIFIED BY β‐CYCLODEXTRIN AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DETERMINATION FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS AT PPB LEVELS by Feng Gao, Yong Jia Shang, Li Zhang, Shi Ke She and Lun Wang, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China

ABSTRACT: A new fluorescence probe, mono[6‐N(4‐carboxy‐phenyl)]‐β‐cyclodextrin (ACD), was synthesized. p‐Aminobenzoic acid (PA) with a emission peak located in 351 nm (λ_ex = 286 nm) is not suitable for the quantitative determination of nucleic acids because of its background interference. It is necessary to change its fluorescence properties as to be applied in biochemical analysis by chemical modification. In this article, PA modified by β‐cyclodextrin was synthesized. The excitation peak of the new compound (ACD) moves to 289 nm and the emission peak moves to 355 nm, in addition, a new long‐wavelength emission peak located in 689 nm appeared. It is interesting that the fluorescence intensity of ACD (λ_ex = 289 nm, λem = 689 nm) was decreased strongly when appropriate amounts of nucleic acids was added. The spectrofluorimetric determination of trace amounts of nucleic acids based on the phenomenon was carried out. Upon optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensities vary linearly with the concentration of nucleic acids. The linear range was 0.0–3.6 µg/mL for ct‐DNA, 0.05–2.0 µg/mL for fs‐DNA and 0.05–5.0 µg/mL for yeast RNA, respectively. The detection limit (3σ) was 6.1 ng/mL for ct‐DNA, 10.8 ng/mL for fs‐DNA, and 9.8 ng/mL for yeast RNA, respectively. The interferences of some substances were described. β‐CD was ordinarily used as a sensitizing reagent in analytical chemistry. But quantitative analytical application of fluorescence probe modified by β‐CD has not been reported. ACD was easily synthesized and the method is a sensitive, rapid, and simple analytical procedure for the determination of nucleic acids.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1285–1295, 2004

Abstract

AN APPROACH FOR SCREENING CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS IN DRINKING WATER USING AN IMMOBILIZED ENZYME ASSAY by Howard H. Weetall, Nirankar N. Mishra, and Kim R. Rogers, US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89119, USA; Amal Mahfouz, US Environmental Protection Agency, OW, OST, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

ABSTRACT: A simple, inexpensive, and sensitive method for detecting organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides is reported. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was immobilized to Porex^® Lateral‐Flo™ membrane material and remained active for several months at room temperature. The assay was sensitive to a number of OP and carbamate insecticides. Tap water and bottled water matrices showed no effect on the assay. The change in optical density could be determined using an optical plate reader or by visual examination compared to a control and blank. The detection limit for paraoxon by visual examination was 10 ppb.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1297–1305, 2004

Abstract

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND K, A GINSENG SAPONIN METABOLITE, IN RAT PLASMA by Hye Young Ji, Hye Won Lee, Hui‐Hyun Kim, Hae Kyoung Kim, Yoon Chul Kim, Dong Hwan Sohn, and Hye Suk Lee, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570‐749, Korea; Jae Baek Kim, Wonpharm Co. Ltd., Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea

ABSTRACT: A rapid, sensitive, and selective liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method for the determination of compound K, a ginseng saponin metabolite, in rat plasma was developed. Compound K and internal standard, lithospermic acid B, dimethylester were extracted from rat plasma by liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed on Atlantis column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile–ammonium formate (10 mM, pH 3.0) (75:25, v/v). The analytes were detected using an electrospray negative ionization mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIR) mode. The standard curve was linear (r ² = 0.998) over the concentration range of 2.0–500 ng/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra‐ and inter‐assay ranged from 1.2–3.0% to 1.3–2.9%, respectively. The recoveries of compound K ranged from 97.7% to 98.9%, with that of lithospermic acid B, dimethylester (internal standard) being 96.6% ± 7.4%. The lower limit of quantification for compound K was 2.0 ng/mL using 100 µL of plasma sample. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of compound K in rats.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1307–1318, 2004

Abstract

MODELING OF PROTEIN ADSORPTION IN MEMBRANE AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY by Weiqiang Hao, Zhaoan Chen, Junde Wang, and Xueliang Liu, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116012, P.R. China

ABSTRACT: For the design of affinity membranes protein adsorption in membrane affinity chromatography (MAC) was studied by frontal analysis. According to fast mass transfer, small thickness of affinity membranes and high affinity between the protein and the ligand, an ideal adsorption (IA) model was proposed for MAC and was used together with equilibrium‐dispersive (E‐D) model to describe the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto cellulose diacetate/polyethyleneimine (CA/PEI) blend membranes with and without Cu²⁺ chelating. E‐D model was found to better describe the initial region of experimental breakthrough curves. The influence of axial dispersion was revealed and it showed the importance of design of the module to homogenously distribute feed solution. IA model was found to be better for the whole experimental breakthrough curve. According to it, the capacity of affinity membranes and the specificity of the interaction are of equal importance for the design of affinity membranes. An optimum feed concentration was also found in the operation of MAC. The discrepancy between experimental optimum feed concentrations and predicted ones from IA model may be due to the ignorance of some experimental effects such as axial dispersion.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1319–1338, 2004

Abstract

DETERMINATION OF DNA WITH IMIDACLOPRID BY A RESONANCE LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNIQUE AT NANOGRAM LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION by Guifang Jia, Peng Wang, Ying Sun, Yumei Xiao, and Zhiqiang Zhou, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we have set up a determination method of nucleic acids at nanogram levels by using a common spectrofluorometer to detect intensity of resonance light scattering (RLS). We have also studied the characteristics of RLS spectra of Imidacloprid with nucleic acids, the effective factors, and the optimum conditions. The RLS of imidacloprid was greatly enhanced by DNA in the range of pH 1.5–4.7. A RLS peak at 310 nm was found, and the enhanced intensity of RLS at this wavelength was proportional to the concentration of DNA. The linear range of the calibration curve was 0–5.0 µg mL⁻¹, 5.0–20.0 µg mL⁻¹ for calf thymus DNA, 0–1.0 µg mL⁻¹ for thermally denatured calf thymus DNA (ctDNA), 0–14.6 µg mL⁻¹ for salmon sperm DNA (ssDNA), and 4.0–7.0 µg mL⁻¹ for yeast RNA (yRNA). The limits of detection (LOD, 3σ) were 12.8, 8.7, 29.5, and 35.5 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The nucleic acids in six synthetic samples and in three real samples were determined. The results were satisfactory, and the recovery rates were in the range of 99–106%, 91–109%, respectively. Compared with other methods, this method has larger detective range, which can reduce the interference of background and increase the intensity of RLS.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1339–1354, 2004

Abstract

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MALONDIALDEHYDE AS AN INDEX OF LIPID PEROXIDATION: VALIDATION AND APPLICATION IN CULTURED CELLS by Virginie Prevost, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Centre Régional de Lutte Centre le Cancer François Baclesse, GRECAN EA 1772 Université de Caen/Basse‐Normandie, Avenue du Général Harris, BP 5026, 14 076 Caen Cedex, France; Florence Vimard, Rachid Bouhamidi, Dominique Duval, and André Nouvelot, Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Centre CYCERON, Caen Cedex, France; Martine Beljean, Laboratoire du Centre Hospitalier Spécialisé, Caen Cedex, France

ABSTRACT: Malondialdehyde (MDA) is very often taken as an index of lipid peroxidation but its measurement by colorimetric methods has been heavily questioned particularly in the case of cultured cells. In the present work, we have thus adapted a gas chromatographic method coupled with nitrogen–phosphorus detection to measure in various cell types (PC₁₂, fibroblasts) the formation of MDA in the cells as well as in the extracellular medium. When measuring MDA formation in cells treated by hydrogen peroxide/ferrous iron, we observed that the addition of increasing concentrations of H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (0.1–1 mm) led to a linear formation of MDA in the cells and in the culture medium (fibroblasts) or in the culture medium only (PC₁₂ cells). In contrast, cumene hydroperoxyde (CHP) failed to induce MDA formation and release in both cell types. In conclusion, our method using hydrazinobenzothiazole (HBT) derivatisation is simple and reliable and sensitive enough to evaluate MDA production at the cellular level and to investigate the role of lipid peroxidation in cell degeneration.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1355–1371, 2004

Abstract

IDENTIFICATION OF GASOLINE SOOT IN SUSPECT ARSON CASES BY USING HEADSPACE SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION–GC/MS by Chia‐Hao Wu, Chin‐Lien Chen, and Ching‐Te Huang, Department of Fire Science, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Maw‐Rong Lee, Department of Chemistry, National Chung‐Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Chih‐Ming Huang, National Fire Administration, Ministry of Interior, Taipei, Taiwan

ABSTRACT: A method for the identification of gasoline soot in suspect arson cases by using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) GC/MS is discussed. A 100 µm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fiber and a 75 µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) coated fiber were used in this study. HS‐SPME was carried out for extracting gasoline soot samples and subsequently was analyzed by using GC/MS. It is found that the presence of the components in gasoline soot was 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These PAH compounds have been proven to be useful for the identification of gasoline soot obtained from a suspect fire. The proposed method was tested by analyzing the residues from a real suspect arson fire. The results demonstrate the suitability of PAHs compounds for the identification of gasoline soot in a suspected arson case.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1373–1384, 2004

Abstract

EXTRACTION OF PCDDs FROM MARINE SEDIMENTS USING POLYOXYETHYLENE 10 LAURYL ETHER AND OLIGOETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOALKYL ETHER SURFACTANTS by C. Padrón Sanz, Z. Sosa Ferrera, and J. J. Santana Rodríguez, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

ABSTRACT: In this study, the microwave assisted micellar extraction (MAME) methodology has been optimised to extract and determine a mixture of nine polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD) from marine sediments. This is a very efficient extraction procedure which considerably reduces the volume of extractant to be used and the analysis time. The PCDDs under study have been extracted using the non‐ionic surfactants polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether (Genapol X‐080), which are biodegradable, meaning that the toxical effects of the method have been avoided. The optimal extraction variables, such as surfactant and salt concentration, together with the radiation time and microwave power, were determined for each surfactant and then compared. To get the benefit of the properties that non‐ionic surfactants possess, in order to obtain a better signal of the analytes under study, the Genapol X‐080 extracts were then preconcentrated using the cloud‐point methodology, and analysed by liquid chromatography with UV detection system under the optimised conditions. The proposed method was applied to marine sediment samples from the Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura islands (Canary Islands, Spain). The results were then compared with those obtained using the traditional Soxhlet extraction methodology.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1385–1399, 2004

Abstract

A MICROCHIP WITH AIR SAMPLING AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION FOR ANALYZING IRON IN NATURE WATER AND IN WHOLE BLOOD by Jiagen Lv and Zhujun Zhang, School of Chemistry and Material Science of Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China

ABSTRACT: A mircrofluidic chip, based on using an air stream for fluidic controlling and coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, was presented. The reported design promised a simple, low cost chip fabrication, and an easy operation. With each assay times less than 3 min, the described microfluidic chip was applied in determination of iron(II) content in nature water and total iron content in whole blood. Experiment results showed the potential for a multitude of applications of the presented chip. The calibration graph of chemiluminescent intensity (I _CL) vs. iron(II) concentration was linear in the range 1.0 × 10⁻⁶–5.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹, and the detection limit (DL) was 3.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ (3σ).

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1401–1410, 2004

Abstract

APPLICATION OF NOVEL ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER SOLID‐PHASE MICROEXTRACTION TO ANALYSIS OF CHLOROHYDROCARBONS IN WATER by Tonghua Sun, Yalin Wang, Jinping Jia, and Jiang Yu, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China; Nenghu Fang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China

ABSTRACT: Activated carbon fiber (ACF) used as an extraction fiber in solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) procedure has been investigated. By coupling with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), ACF‐SPME has shown to be suitable for the determination of chlorohydrocarbons in water with headspace. The optimal phosphoric acid concentration in preparing ACF is found to be 30% since higher phosphoric acid concentration leads to the degeneration of the peak shape. An optimized method with acceptable linearity and a relative standard (RSD) value less than 10% for each compound has been established based on extensive parametric experiments such as the effects of adsorption time, the impact of desorption conditions, etc. Due to the excellent adsorption efficiency compared to other available commercial fibers, ACF has been recommended as a great alternative fiber for SPME procedure.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1411–1425, 2004

Abstract

FAST SCREENING DETERMINATION OF SOME UBIQUITOUS PESTICIDES WITH SPME IN WATER SAMPLES by Jorge Moreira Vaz and Emy Komatsu, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente (CQMA), Cidade Universitária “Armando de Salles Oliveira,” São Paulo SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT: A simple multiresidue direct solid phase microextraction (SPME) method with PA fiber is described for determination of pesticides in water samples. The residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). The recovery obtained for the proposed method ranged from 94% to 110% and the sensitivity of the method was determined by calculating the limit of detection (DL) that ranged from 0.004 to 0.1 µg L⁻¹. The results obtained with spiked real sample, at three concentration levels, showed acceptable agreement with the expected values.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1427–1436, 2004

Abstract

FACTORIAL DESIGN AND DOEHLERT MATRIX IN OPTIMIZATION OF FLOW SYSTEM FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF COPPER ON POLYURETHANE FOAM LOADED WITH 4‐(2‐PYRIDYLAZO)‐RESORCINOL by César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley and Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Walter Nei Lopes dos Santos, Carla Moreira dos Santos, and Sérgio Luis Costa Ferreira, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário da Ondina, 40170‐290, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The present paper describes a flow preconcentration system for copper determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) based on the sorption of Cu(II) ions onto a mini‐column of polyurethane foam (PUF) loaded with a chromogenic reagent [4‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐resorcinol (PAR)]. The variables associated with flow preconcentration system performance, such as pH, buffer concentration (BC), and sampling flow rate (SF), were optimised using a full factorial (2³) design plus a central point and Doehlert matrix. The results obtained, based on the Pareto chart and analysis of variance (ANOVA), demonstrated that pH and BC, as well as the interaction (pH × BC) are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. By using 20 mL of sampling volume the proposed method, under conditions optimised by the Doehlert matrix (formation of Cu(II)‐PAR (1:1) complex at pH 6.4, 0.017 mol L⁻¹ phosphate BC, and 10 mL min⁻¹ SF), allows to determine Cu(II) ions with a detection limit of 0.35 µg L⁻¹ and precision (n = 8) as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.2 and 1.1 for copper solutions containing 10 and 30 µg L⁻¹, respectively. Also, a satisfactory linear range (1.2–40 µg L⁻¹), an enrichment factor of 105 and a sample throughput of 28 hr⁻¹ were achieved. Interference studies showed that the PUF‐PAR mini‐column retains Cu(II) ions in the presence of several transition and alkali metals without presenting interferences. The method was applied for copper determination in water samples (mineral and tap water) and high salt aqueous samples (physiological serum containing 0.9% (m/v) NaCl). The validation of the method was checked by analysing the Cu(II) content in the samples, as well as from analyte addition. The recoveries ranged from 91.0% to 101.1%.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1437–1455, 2004

Abstract

PRECONCENTRATION OF PALLADIUM IN AQUEOUS SAMPLES USING A SURFACTANT‐COATED ALUMINA MODIFIED WITH THIORIDAZINE·HCl AND ITS DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY by Khalil Farhadi and Ghahraman Teimouri, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

ABSTRACT: A selective, simple, and reliable technique for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of trace amount of palladium has been developed using a modified sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐coated alumina solid phase. The effect of pH, flow rate of sample solution and eluent, and foreign ions on the sorption of palladium by this sorbent have been investigated. By passes of 500 mL aqueous samples (pH 1–3) of palladium containing 20 µg palladium through a 1.5 g surfactant‐coated alumina microcolumn immobilized with 1 mg thioridazine · HCl (TRH), Pd(II) ions adsorb quantitatively and almost more elements will pass through the column to drain. The retained Pd(II) ions are then stripped from the microcolumn with 2 mL of 2 M HClO₄ in acetylacetone and determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The proposed method permitted large enrichment factors of about 250 and higher. The relative standard deviation (five replicate analysis) at the 0.4 and 1 µg mL⁻¹ levels were 0.7% and 1.2%, respectively. The method was applied to the recovery of Pd(II) ions from different synthetic samples.

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1457–1468, 2004

Abstract

ORGANIC SOLVENTS ENHANCED CYCLODEXTRIN INDUCED ROOM TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORIMETRY IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN by Li‐Xuan Mu, Yu Wang, Zhao Zhang, and Wei‐Jun Jin, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 03006, P.R. China

ABSTRACT: To measure room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in fluid medium, the conditions: (a) heavy atom perturbation for enhancing the intersystem crossing rate; (b) organization medium for protecting the triplet state from the quenching of oxygen; and (c) complete removal of dissolved oxygen, have been thought to be essential. However, recent developments showed that it was not indispensable to have the three conditions at the same time. In fact, RTP could be obtained under two conditions, namely: (a) complete removal of dissolved oxygen from the solution in the presence of heavy atom perturbers without any organization medium, resulting in non‐protected fluid RTP and (b) rigid microenvironment which is able to confine the motion of phosphors and avoid effective contact between dissolved oxygen and phosphors within the collision distance, resulting in the anti‐oxygen‐quenching or non‐deoxygenated RTP. This work investigated the effect of generally used organic solvents, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (with an except for BNS) etc, on RTP of 1‐bromonaphthalene (1‐BrN), 1‐bromo‐2‐methylnaphthalene (1‐Br‐2‐MN), 1‐bromo‐4‐methylnaphthalene (1‐Br‐4‐MN) and 6‐bromo‐2‐naphthylsulfate potassium (BNS) in β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) aqueous solution in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The experiments showed that the presence of micro amount solvents was essential to get strong non‐deoxygenated RTP. Moreover, good linear relationships and relatively lower detection limits for analysis goal were obtained in the range detected based on the non‐deoxygenated cyclodextrin (CD) induced room temperature phosphorimetry (CD‐RTP).

Analytical Letters, 37(7), 1469–1480, 2004