A Review of Riverine Fluxes of Hexachlorocyclohexane and DDT to the Azov and Black Seas from the Former USSR and Russian Federation

Abstract

While the Azov and Black seas are subject to anthropogenic pollution to a much higher extent than any other seas, this has been little studied with only a few critical reviews of contaminant fluxes to these seas. Riverine fluxes of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and DDT to the Azov and Black seas from the former Soviet Union and Russian Federation were thus reviewed for 1986 to 1996. The review was based on official data and data obtained by independent specialists. The amount of HCH used, and the intensity of usage, in these river catchments decreased during the review period. Concurrently, OCP concentrations in the rivers and their fluxes also decreased according to both official and independent data. A comparison of the official and the independent data sets for 1988 revealed significant differences, reflecting the need for more rigorous sampling and analytical protocols for both data sets. According to the OGSNK/GSN data, the flux rates of the five largest rivers were ranked (from largest to smallest) as follows: Don>Dnestr> Danube>Kuban>Dnepro (α-HCH); Danube>Don>Dnestr>Dnepro> Kuban  (γ-HCH); Dnestr>Danube>Don>Dnepro-Kuban (DDT+DDE). For rivers with lower annual riverine discharges, the DDT fluxes were surprisingly high (0.43 to 1.49 tonnes a ⁻¹). According to independent data for 1988 the rankings of the rivers was: Danube>Don>Dnepro>Dnestr>Kuban (α-HCH); Danube>Don>Dnestr>Dnepro>Kuban (γ-HCH); Danube> Dnepro>Dnestr>Don>Kuban (DDT); Danube>Dnepro>Don>Kuban> Dnestr (DDE). The DDT flux estimates for small rivers derived from independent data were 19 to 46 times lower than those calculated using OGSNK/GSN data. According to the independent data, the total riverine OCP transport from the Russian Federation into the Azov Sea from 1988 to 1996 was 1.288 tonnes of γ-HCH+α-HCH and 1.693 tonnes of DDT+DDE while for the Black Sea they were 3.830 tonnes and 5.116 tonnes for γ-HCH+α-HCH and DDT+DDE, respectively.

Keywords:

• Pesticide fluxes
• OCP
• Russia
• River pollution
• Marine pollution
• Agricultural environmental impacts

Acknowledgments

This review was carried out under the Russian Federation Environmental Management Project (North-Caucasus water management and protection sub-component under the World Bank loan to the Government of the Russian Federation) and the Rostov Strategic Plan for Sewerage and Water Supply, financed by the British Department for International Development. The Association of Canadian Community Colleges, Partnerships for Tomorrow Programme provided partial funding. We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Drs. Yury Vinnikov and Ludmila Boeva, Hydrochemical Institute, Russia and Dr. Pat Reynolds, Halcrow Group Limited, UK. Special thanks to Ms. Anna Muradian and Mr. Victor Lugovoy, CPPI, North Caucasus Branch, Russia, for her help in preparing the English version of this article. Concentration and annual flux data are available upon request from R.D.R.