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Abstract
Synthetic polycarboxamide minor groove binders (MGB) consisting of N‐methylpyrrole (Py), N‐methylimidazole (Im), N‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyrrole (Hp) and β‐alanine (β) show strong and sequence‐specific interaction with the DNA minor groove in side‐by‐side antiparallel or parallel orientation. Two MGB moieties covalently linked to the same terminal phosphate of one DNA strand stabilize DNA duplexes formed by this strand with a complementary one in a sequence‐specific manner, similarly to the corresponding mono‐conjugated hairpin structures. The series of conjugates with the general formula Oligo‐(L‐MGB‐R)m was synthesized, where m = 1 or 2, L = linker, R = terminal charged or neutral group, MGB = –(Py)n–, –(Im)n– or –[(Py/Im)n–(CH2)3CONH–(Py/Im)n–] and 1 < n < 5. Using thermal denaturation, we studied effects of structural factors such as m and n, linker L length, nature and orientation of the MGB monomers, the group R and the backbone (DNA or RNA), etc. on the stability of the duplexes. Structural factors are more important for linear and hairpin monophosphoroamidates than for parallel bis‐phosphoroamidates. No more than two oligocarboxamide strands can be inserted into the duplex minor groove. Attachment of the second sequence‐specific parallel ligand [–L(Py)4R] to monophosphoroamidate conjugate CGTTTATT–L(Py)4R leads to the increase of the duplex Tm, whereas attachment of [–L(Im)4R] leads to its decrease. The mode of interaction between oligonucleotide duplex and attached ligands could be different (stacking with the terminal A:T pair of the duplex or its insertion into the minor groove) depending on the length and structure of the MGB.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by INSERM, European Community (grant INTAS 01‐0638), French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (travel grant EGIDE 04542ND), Russian Foundation for Fundamental Researches (project 04.70043‐69) and by short‐term grants from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (“poste rouge” for A.N.S.) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (invited researcher position for V. A. R.). Authors are grateful to C. Caux and A. Blond for NMR spectra and to Région Ile‐de‐France, the French Ministry of Research and Technology and CNRS for financial support in the acquisition of the NMR spectrometer.
