Modern Irish History Since 1940: A Bibliography Survey (1600‐1922)

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Notes

1. This essay if one of a series of bibliographical articles, sponsored by the Conference on British Studies, on work done recently on various aspects and periods of Britsh history. Articles already published are: Philip D. Curtin, “The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography,” A.H.R., LXV (Oct., 1959), 72–91; Maurice Du P. Lee, Jr., “Scottish History Since 1940,” Canadian Historical Review, XL (Dec. 1959), 319–32; Henry R. Winkler, “Some Recent Writings on Twentieth Century Britain,” J.M.H., XXXII (Mar., 1960), 32–47; Lacey Baldwin Smith, “The Taste for Tudors Since 1940,” Studies in the Renaissance, VII (Sept., 1960), 167–183; Paul H. Hardacre, “Writings on Oliver Cromwell since 1929,” J.M.H., XXXIII (Mar., 1961), 1–14; Margaret Hastings, “High History or Hack History: England in the Later Middle Ages,” Spectrum, XXXVI (Apr. 1961), 225–253; Robert Walcott, “The Later Stuarts (1660–1714): Significant Work of the Last Twenty Years (1939–1959),” A.H.R., LXVII (Jan., 1962), 352–70; Roger Prouty, “England and Wales in Recent Historiography: a Selective Bibliography.” Historian, XXIV (May, 1962), 270–307; Perez Zagorin, “English History, 1558–1640: a Bibliographical Survey,” A.H.R., LXVIII (Jan., 1963), 364–384; William A. Bultmann, “Early Hanoverian England (1714–1760); Some Recent Writings,” J.M.H., XXXV (Mar., 1963), 46–61; John Clive, “British History, 1870–1914, Reconsidered: Recent Trends in the Historiography of the Period,” A.H.R., LXVIII (July, 1963), 987–1009; Bryce Lyon, “From Hengist and Horsa to Edward of Caernarvon: Recent Writings on English History,” Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, LXXVII (no. 3. 1964), 377–422.

2. No article on mediaeval Ireland will appear in this series but see Historical studies: I, Papers Read to the Second Irish Conference of Historians (London, 1958): Eric St. John Brooks, “The Sources of Mediaeval Anglo‐Irish History,” 86–92; and Aubrey Gwynn, “Bibliographical Note on Mediaeval Anglo‐Irish History,” 93–99.

3. James C. Beckett, The Study of Irish History, An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the Queen's University of Belfast on 13 March 1963 (Belfast, the Queen's University, 1963).

4. Referred to as I.H.S. The journal appears twice yearly under the auspices of the Irish Historical Society in the Republic and the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies. A mimeographed Bulletin of the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences, sent to members of the two societies, contains information on Irish historical matters.

5. Studies in Irish History, First Series, consists of seven volumes, Vols. I‐V edited by T.W. Moddy, R. Dudley Edwards, and David B. Quinn, and VI‐VII by T. W. Moody, R. Dudley Edwards, and J. C. Beckett. A second series of the Studies is edited by T. W. Moody, J. C. Beckett, and T. D. Williams.

6. The Irish Sword, Journal of Military History Society of Ireland, 1952; Reportorium Novum, Dublin Diocesan Historical Record, 1955; Seanchas Ardmhacha, Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, 1954; Clogher Record, 1953; Irish Theological Quarterly, resumed 1951‐. For a list of journal of in which material on all periods of Irish history is published, see Bibliography of Brisith History, Tudor Period, 1485–1603, ed. Conyers Read (2nd ed.: Oxford, 1959), XIII, 478–9.

7. In 1960, the Proceedings announced a History of Irish Catholicism to be published by the Committee.

8. Only a few of the Commission's volumes can be noted here, but critical notices appear in I.H.S. See R. D. Edwards, “The Work of the Irish Manuscripts Commission,” Studies, XXVI (Sept. 1937), 481–488, and James Hogan, The Irish Manuscripts Commisssion: Work in Progress (Cork University Press, 1954).

9. The most recent catalogue is Irish Manuscripts Commission: Catalogue of Publications Issued and in Preparation, 1928–1962 (Dublin, Stationery Office, 1962). See also the periodical Collectanea Hibernic, 1958‐, directed by the Francisan Fathers, published yerly and devoted to the publication of sources.

10. The microfilm collection now contains something like 5,000,000 pages of material copied. Card catalogues controlling this material are being integrated with other files, the library's own holdings and others. Plans are underway to publish this consolidated catalogue in book form. Also, the National Library now has a card index to the first fifteen years of the Freeman's Journal (from 1763) and a catalogue in progress, in fact two‐thirds completed, for a wide variety of Irish periodicals. Each article will be treated as a monograph and placed under the categories of name, place, subject, and date. These categories will also govern manuscript collections. See also Analecta Hibernica, no. 15 (1944). “Survey of Documents in Private Keeping,” Ist ser., reports presented by Edward Mac Lysaght, and no. 20 (1958) “Survey of Documents in Private Keeping,” 2nd ser. by John Ainsworth and Edward Mac Laysaght.

11. On Irish records see Margaret Griffith's articles in I.H.S., “Short Guide to the Public Record Office of Ireland,” VIII (Mar., 1952), 45–58, and “The Irish Record Commission, 1810–1830,” VII (Mar., 1950), 17–38. Also D. A. Chart, “The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1924–1936,” I.H.S., I (Mar., 1938), 42–57. For an earlier survey see Herbert Wood, “The Public Records of Ireland Before and After 1922”, Transactions, Royal Hisotrical Society, 4th ser., XIII (1930), 17–49.

12. The history would divide into thirteen periods to be covered in a three volume work, the text in two volumes and reference material in a third. As soon as possible after 1970, the plan is to publish a series of volumes comparable to the Oxford University of England with each of the thirteen periods covered by a volume, with again, an additional volume (a fourteenth) devoted to reference material. The suggested thirteen periods are: 1) to 800, 2) 800–1200, 3) 1200–1366, 4) 1366–1534, 5) 1534–1603, 6) 1603–1660, 7) 1660–1714, 8) 1714–1783, 9) 1783–1829, 10) 1829–1858, 11) 1858–90, 12) 1890–1921, and 13) 1921–1949. The general editors are T. W. Moody, T. D. Williams, and J. C. Beckett. But for the most recent statement on this project see I.H.S., XIV (Sept., 1964), 176.

13. Four of these have appeared: Maureen Wall, The Penal Laws, 1691–1760 (Dundalk, 1961); J. G., Simms, The Treaty of Limerick (Dundalk, 1961); F. S. L. Lyons, Parnell (Dundalk, 1963). J. H. Whyte. The Tenant League and Irish Politics in the Eighteen‐Fifties (Dundalk, 1963). The series announces for 1964–5: K. B. Nowlan, O'Connell and Young Ireland; J. L. McCracken, The Irish Parliament in the Eighteenth Century; David Thornley, Irish Politics in the Eighteen‐Sixties and Seventies; E. D. Steele, The Irish Land Question in the Nineteenth Century.

14. A few articles have appeared on history and historians. See in I.H.S., F.X. Martin, “The Writings of Eoin MacNeill,” VI (Mar., 1948), 44–62; T. W. Moody, “The Writings of Edmund Cuttis,” III (Sept., 1943), 393–400; Norman D. Palmer, “Sir Robert Peel's Select Irish Library,'” VI (Sept., 1948), 101–113; Donald MacCartney, “The Writing of History in Ireland, 1800–1850,” X (Sept., 1957), 347–362; Walter D. Love, “Charles O'Conor of Belanagare and Thomas Leland's Philosophical' History of Ireland,” XIII (Mar., 1962), 1–25.

15. There is no satisfactory general work on ecclesiastical history. For economic history there are the three surveys by George O'Brien which cover Irish economic history from 1600 to the famine (1918–1921).

16. Donaldson is also valuable for Ireland's role in the history of the British Commonwealth.

17. For comments on the selection see H. G. Richardson in I.H.S., IV (Sept., 1945), 358–361; and A. G. in Studies, XXXII (Dec., 1943), 579–581.

18. I, Ireland: From the Flight of the Earls to Grattan's Parliament, 1607–1782 (Dublin, 1949); II, From Grattan's Parliament to the Great Famine 1783–1830 (Dublin, 1949); and III, From the Great Famine to the Treaty, 1851–1921 (Dublin, 1951). For geographical background see T. W. Freeman, Ireland: Its Physical, Historical, Social, and Economic Geography (London, 1950), revised and republished as Ireland: a General and Regional Geography (London, 1960).

19. Work on Tudor Ireland is listed to January, 1957 in Conyers Read, Bibliography of British History: Tudor Period, 1485–1603 (2nd ed.; Oxford, 1959), 478–518. See on the Irish section, review in I.H.S., XII (Mar., 1961), 283–288. For special relevance as immediate seventeenth century background see for constitutional history: T. W. Moody, “The Irish Parliament Under Elizabeth and James I: a General Survey,” Proceedings, Royal Irish Academy, XLV (1939), sect. C, 41–81 and R. Dudley Edwards and T. W. Moody, “The History of Poynings Law: Pt. I, 1494–1615,” I.H.S., II (Sept., 1941), 415–424. For the military events preceding Kinsale see G. A. Hayes‐McCoy, “Strategy and Tactics in Irish Warfare, 1593–1601,” I.H.S., II (Mar., 1941), 255–279 and Rev. John J. Silke, “Why Aguila Landed at Kinsale,” I.H.S., XIII (Mar., 1963), 236–245. Also G. A. Hayes‐McCoy, “Gaelic Society in Ireland in the Late Sixteenth Century,” Historical Studies: IV, papers Read to the Fifth Irish Confernce of Historian (London, 1963).

20. A new edition of the Bibliography of British History, Stuart Period, 1603–1714, ed. Godfrey Davies (Oxford, 1928) is in preparation. See English Historical Documents 1660–1714, ed. Andrew Browning (London, 1953). Part VIII on Ireland, pp. 701–783, contains a bibliography of older and more recent work. For criticism of the Irish section see I.H.S., IX (Mar., 1954). 96–98.

21. See T. W. Moody in I.H.S., Sir Thomas Phillips of Lmavady, Servitor: I (Mar., 1939), 251–272; and “The Treatment of the Native Population Under the Scheme for the Plantation of Ulster,” I (Mar., 1938), 59–63

22. Confiscation in Irish History (Dublin, 1917).

23. See J. G. Simms, “Land Owned by Catholics in Ireland in 1688,” I.H.S., VII (Mar., 1951), 180–90, and d Williamite Peace Tactics, 1690–91, I.H.S., VIII (Sept., 1953), 303–323.

24. John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (2nd ed.; London, 1870). For the Cromwellian era see J. R. MacCormack, “The Irish Adventurers and the English Civil war,” I.H.S., X (Mar., 1956), 21–58; John W. Blake, “Transportation From Ireland to America, 1653–1660,” I.H.S., III (Mar., 1943), 267–281. On military affaire see Hugh Hazlett, “The Recruitment and Organization of the Scottish Army in Ulster, 1642–9,” in Essays in British and Irish History in Honour of James Eadie Todd, ed. H. A. Cronne, T. W. Moody, and D. B. Quinn (London, 1949); and “The Financing of the British Armies in Ireland, 1641–49.” I.H.S., I (Mar., 1938), 21–41.

25. The Civil Survey (1654–6), ed. Robert C. Simington [Irish Manuscripts Commission] (10 vols; Dublin, 1931–61). Not all the records of the survey, which ironically Ireland owes to Cromwell, have survived. These ten volumes contain what remains.

26. Vol. I, Roscommon, Vol. II, Mayo, ed. R. C. Simington (Dublin, 1949, 1956); vol. III, Galway, prepare for publication by B. MacGiolla Choille, Intro. R. C. Simington (Dublin, 1962). The Books of Survey and Distribution for each county indicate the position as to landownership in every parish and barony prior and subsequent to the forfeitures under Cromwell and William III. See Rev. P. J. Mclaughlin surveys of Ireland in the Seventeenth Century Irish Ecclesiastical Record, LXXIII (June, 1950), 129–139.

27. See Sean O'Domhnaill, “The Maps of the Down Survey,” I.H.S., III (Sept., 1943), 381–392. For the uses and value of this “Irish Domesday” in social and economic history see J. G. Simms The Civil Survey, 1654–6,” I.H.S., IX (Mar. 1955), 253–263.

28. For the sixteenth century, and for ideas behind plantation see David B. Quinn, “Ireland and Sixteenth Century European Expansion,” Historical Studies: I, Papers Read to the Second Irish Conference of Historians (London, 1958). Quinn suggests the significance of the plantation of Ireland in the wider context of comparative, and more especially, of Spanish colonial history. Also Howard M. Jones, “Origins of the Colonial Idea in England,” Proceedings, American Philosphical Society, LXXXV, 448–465 (Philadelphia, 1942).

29. See Terence Ranger, “Strafford in Ireland: a Re‐evaluation,” Past and Present, no. 19 (Apr., 1961), 26–45. The relevance of Strafford's Irish policies to the central issues of English politics is discussed.

30. For further light on “Strafford's Ireland” see: J. P. Cooper “The Fortune of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XI (Dec., 1958), 227–248; Victor Treadwell, “The Irish Court of Wards Under James I,” I.H.S, XII (Mar., 1960), 1–27; C. R. Mayes, “The Early Stuarts and the Irish peerage,” English Historical Review, LXXIII (April, 1958), 227–251; Hugh Kearney, “The Court of Wards and Liveries in Ireland, 1622–1641,” Proceedings, Royal Irish Academy, LVII (July, 1955), sect. C, 29–68, and “Richard Boyle, Ironmaster,” Journal of the Royal society of Antiquaries of Ireland, LXXXIII (1953), 156–162. On temporal and spiritual loyalties see J. J. Silke, “Primate Lombard and James I,” Irish Theological Quarterly, XXII (Apr., 1955), 124–49.

31. for 1688–1714, and older unsatisfactory history isd R. H. Marray's Revolutionary Ireland and Its Settlement (London, 1911). On a projected bibliography of sources for the period 1685–1702 see J. G. Simms, Analecta Hibernica, no. 22 (Irish Manuscripts Commission, Dublin, 1960), 3–10.

32. Brendan Jennings, ed., Wadding Papers, 1614–1638 [Irish Manuscripts Commission] (Dublin, 1953).

33. Commentarius Rinuccinianus De Sedis apostolicae Legatione Ad Foederatos Hiberniae Catholicos Per Annos 1645–69. By Fr. Richardus O'Ferrall and Fr. Robertus O'Connell. Edited by Fr. Stanislas Kavanagh, O.M. Cap., Vols. I‐VI [Irish Manuscripts Commission] (Dublin, 1932–1949).

34. On Archbishop Ussher see in this volume Fr. Aubrey Gwynn, “Archbishop Ussher and Father Brendan O'Connor.” Also the Ussher commemorative essays in Hermathena, LXXXVIII (Nov., 1956), 3–80. For the Church of Ireland see F. R. Bolton, The Caroline Tradition of the Church of Ireland (London, 1958).

35. A more general work by F. X. Martin, The Irish Capucins and the Counter Reformation, 1591–1611, has been completed and is to be published. A scholarly work, appearing too recently for discussion here, should be noted: Fr. Benignus Millett, The Irish Franciscans, 1651–1665 (Rome, 1964).

36. See Patrick J. Corish, “The Reorganization of the Irish Church, 1603–1641,” Proceeding, Irish Catholic Historical Committee (1957), 9–14. Also: “Rinuccini's Censure of 27 May 1648,” Irish Theological Quarterly, XVIII (Oct., 1951), 322–337; “John Callaghan and the Controversies Among the Irish in Paris,” ibid., XXI (Jan., 1954), 32–50; “The Crisis in Ireland in 1648: The Nuncio and the Supreme Council: Conclusions,” ibid., XXII (July, 1955), 231–257; “Bishop Nicholas French and the Second Ormond Peace, 1648–49,” I.H.S., VI (Sept., 1948), 83–100.

37. See in the bibliographical section of Hugh Kearney's Strafford in Ireland a discussion of the broader problems of Irish seventeenth century economic history. See the earlier P. L. Prendeville A Selectd Bibliography of Irish Economic History, Part II, 17th and 18th Centuries,” Economic History Review, III (Apr. 1932), 402–416.

38. Economic History of Ireland in the Seventeenth Century (Dublin, 1919).

39. See D. L. Keir, “Froude and Lecky on Eighteenth Century Ireland,” Bulletin of the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences, Nov. 1941, no. 14. Also R. B. McDowell, “Things to Be Done in Irish History: Eighteenth Century,” ibid., no. 21 (Nov., 1942). English Historical Documents, 1714–1783, ed. D. B. Horn and Mary Ransome (London, 1957) has an Irish section, valuable for bibliography, but inadequate for internal history. See also: L. W. Hanson, Contemporary Printed Sources for British and Irish Economic History, 1701–1750 (Cambridge, England, 1963); and R. L. Munter, Handlist of Irish Newspapers, 1685–1750, Cambridge Bibliographical Society: Monograph No. 4 (London, 1960).

40. See David Large's review of Namier's The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd ed.; London, 1957; Paperback ed., 1961), I.H.S. XIII (Mar., 1962), 76–80.

41. See J. L. McCracken, “The Conflict Between the Irish Administration and Parliament, 1753–1756,” I.H.S., III (Sept., 1942), 159–179, and his “The Irish Viceroyalty, 1760–1773,” in Essays in British and Irish History in Honour of James Eadie Todd, ed. H. F. Cronne, T. W. Moody, and D. B. Quinn (London, 1949).

42. For policy and opinion on Ireland and the empire, see Harlow's chapters, “The Irish Revolution as an Imperial Problem,” and “Irish Independence and Imperial Unity.” Also, a chapter, “The Imperial Problem of Ireland,” in Richard Koebner, Empire (Cambridge, England, 1961). Koebner has anayzed the text of Grattan's speeches, as they were given, and as they appeared in the edition of 1822, edited by his son: “The Early Speeches of Henry Grattan,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXX (May, 1957), 102–114.

43. A common term for the suppressed nation, “hidden Ireland,” comes from Daniel Corkery's The Hidden Ireland: a Study of Gaelic Munster in the Eighteenth Century (Dublin, 1925).

44. supra, p. 3, footnote 12.

45. See his “Thoughts on Converting the Irish, 1715,” Irish Ecclesiastical Record, XCVIII (Sept., 1962), 142–44.

46. See his “The Making of a Penal Law, 1703–4.” I.H.S XII (Sept., 1960). 105–118. For some examples of the actual operation of the penal laws see in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, two articles by Kevin McGrath: “John Garzia,” LXXII (1949). 494–514, and The Clergy of Dublin in 1695, LXXIV (1950), 193–200

47. See her “The Catholic Merchants, Manufacturers and Traders of Dublin, 1778–1782,” Reportorium Novum: Dublin Diocesan Historical Record, II, no. 2 (1959–60), 298–323. Also Mrs. Wall (under the name Maureen MacCeehin), “The Catholics of the Towns and the Quarterage Dispute in Eighteenth Century Ireland,” I.H.S., VIII (Sept. 1952). 91–114.

48. See J. G. Simms, “County sligo in the Eighteenth Century,” Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, XCI (1961), 153–162. For essays on the social history of Gaelic Ireland see “The Big House” in Corkery's Hidden Ireland, and “The Gaelic Background” by Gerard Murphy in Daniel O'Connell, Nine Centenary Essays, ed. Michael Tierney (Dublin, 1949), 1–24. For a literary study see R. A. Breatnach, “The End of a Tradition: a Survey of Eighteenth Century Gaelic Literature,” Studia Hibernica, I (1961), 128–50.

49. For the origins of Maynooth see Maurice O'Connell, “The Political Background to the Establishment of Maynooth College,” Irish Ecclesiastical Record, LXXXV (1956), 325–334, 406–415; LXXXVI (1956), 1–16. Also J. D. Fitzpatrick, Edmund Rice, Founder of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (Dublin, 1945); R. B. Savage, A Valiant Dublin Woman: The Story of St. George's Hill, 1766–1940 (Dublin, 1940); T. J. Walsh, Nano Nangle and the Presentation Sisters (Dublin, 1959). See the earlier and excellent M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement (Cambridge, Eng., 1938), Pt. II, Ch. VII on Ireland.

50. See J. C. Beckett, “The Government and the church of Ireland Under William II and Anne,” I.H.S., II (Mar., 1941) 280–302. Also for religious life in Ulster, see David Stewart, The Seceders in Ireland (Belfast, Presbyterian Historical Society, 1950).

51. See W. F. Dunaway, the Scotch‐Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania (Chapel Hill, No. Carolina, 1944); T. W. Moody's artticle in two parts, “The Ulster Scots in Colonial and Revolutionary America,” Studies, XXXIV (Mar. and June, 1945), 85–94 and 211–221; E. R. R. Green, “The Scotch‐Irish and the Coming of the Revolution in North Carolina,” I.H.S., VII (Sept., 1950), 77–86.

52. Leyburn's work does not take note of Moody's Londonderry Plantation, not Beckett's Protestant Dissent.

53. See Charles Dickson, The Life of Michael Dwyer, With Some Account of His Companions (Dublin, 1944); The Wexford Rising in 1798: Its Causes, and Its Course (Tralee, 1955); Revolt in the North, Antrim and Down in 1798 (Dublin, 1960). Sir Henry MacAnally, The Irish Militia, 1793–1816: a Social and Military History, (Dublin and London, 1949); Jules Dechamps, Les Iles Britanniques et la Revolution Francaise, 1789–1803 (Brussels, 1949); Richard Hayes, The Last Invasion of Ireland: When Connacht Rose (2nd ed.; Dublin, 1939). On the attempted rising of 1803 there is Helen Landreth, The Pursuit of Robert Emmet (Dublin, 1949). For a discussion of this work see a review in I.H.S, VII (Sept., 1951), 303–305.

54. A forthcoming work by Maurice O'Connell, Irish Politics and Social ConflicT in the Age of the American Revolution should appear in 1965. See his “Class Conflict in a Pre‐Industrial Society: Dublin in 1780,” Duquesne Review, IX (Fall, 1963), 43–55. See Robert E. Burns The Belfast Letters, The Irish Volunteers, 1778–9, and the Catholics,” Review of Politics, XXI (Oct., 1959), 678–91, a discussion of the early history of the Volunteers, with emphasis on their essential Protestantism. Also his “The Catholic Relief Act In Ireland, 1778,” Church History, XXXII (June, 1963), 181–206, and A. Paul levack Edmund Burke, His Friends, and the dawn of Catholic Emancipation,” Catholic Historical Review, XXXVII (Jan. 1952), 385–441.

55. For some generalizations see two articles by R. Dudley Edwards, both in the Irish Monthly for 1947: “The European and American Background of O'Connell's Nationalism,” LXXV (Nov)., 468–473, and “The American War of Independence and Irish Nationalism,” LXXV (Dec.), 509–520. On trade: Theresa O'connor The Embargo on the Export of Irish Provisions, 1776–9,” I.H.S., II (Mar., 1940), 3–11.

56. See in I.H.S., two articles by R. B. McDowell: “The Personnel of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen, 1791–4, With a List of Persons Known to Have Been Admitted as Members,” II (Mar., 1940), 12–53; and “United Irish Plans of Parliamentary Reform,” III (Mar., 1942), 39–59. There is an earlier book by Rosamund Jacob, The Rise of the United Irishmen (London, 1937). See review in I.H.S., I (Mar., 1938), 89–90. Also T. W. Moody, “The Political Ideas of the United Irishmen,” Ireland Today, III (Jan., 1938) 15–25.

57. See Dr. Salaman's shorter survey, The Influence of the Potato on the course of Irish History (Dublin, 1943). K. H. Connell's review of the longer work, “Essays in Bibliography and Criticism: The History of the Potato,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., III, no. 3 (1951), 388–396, suggests that it was “tenurial relationships” which played a role in the dominaiton of the potato.

58. A second volume is to appear. See also Peter Mathias, The Brewing Industry in England, 1700–1830 (Cambridge University Press, 1959).

59. For another business history see F. G. Hall, The Bank of Ireland, 1783–1946: With an Architectural Chapter by C. P. Curran and Biographical Notes by Joseph Hone, ed. George O'Brien (Dublin and Oxford, 1949). See also Frank Fetter, The Irish Pound, 1797–1826 (London, 1955). On monetary matters see in Hermathena a series of articles by Joseph Johnston: “Commercial Restrictions and Monetary Deflation in 18th Century Ireland,” LIII (May, 1939), 79–87; “Berkeley and the Abortive Bank Project of 1720–21,” LIV (Nov., 1939), 110–119; “A Synopsis of Berkeley's Monetary Philosophy,” LV (May, 1940), 73–86 “Locke, Berkeley and Hume as Monetary Theorists,” LVI (Nov., 1940), 77–83. There is no adequate study of Ireland in the British mercantile system, but see two articles by Francis G. James: “Irish Smuggling in the Eighteenth Century,” I.H.S., XII (Sept., 1961), 299–317, and “Irish Colonial Trade in the Eighteenth Century,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XX (Oct., 1963), 574–584. James contends that Irekland's economic position in the old Empire was far more important than has been recognized.

60. For social history of the lasser gentry see Elizabeth Bowen, Bowen's Court (New York, 1942). A history of her family form their seventeenth century settlement, the work is sometimes evocative rather than strictly historical, but valuable.

61. See her The Stranger in Ireland, From the Reign of Elizabeth to the Great Famine (London, 1954), a collection of travelers' descriptions and opinions.

62. A number of works deal with eighteenth century Dublin institutions which have continued to the present day: Terence de Vere White, The Story of the Royal Dublin Society (Tralee, 1955)., O'Donel T. D. Browne, The Rotunda Hospital, 1745–1945 (Edinburgh, 1947). J. D. Widdess, An Account of the Schools of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, 1789–1948 (Edinburgh, 1949).

63. Bibliographies are needed, but for a limited period and confined to holdings in the National Library of Ireland see two volumes by James Carty, Bibliography of Irish History, 1912–1921 (Dublin, 1936). and Bibliography of Irish History, 1870–1911 (Dublin, 1940). See P. L. Prendeville's earlier “A Select Bibliography of Irish Economic History, Part III, The Nineteenth Century,” Economic History Review, IV (Oct., 1932), 81–90.

64. See his Britian and Ireland (rev. ed.: London and New York, 1946).

65. For the half‐century covered by The Irish Novelists see the essays in Social Life in Ireland, 1800–1845, ed. R. B. McDowell (Dublin, 1957). Hubert Butler's “The Country House: the Life of the Gentry” suggests the possibilities of a subject on which little has been written.

66. The still valuable surveys published prior to 1940: J. Dunsmore Clarkson's pioneering work, Labour and Nationalism in Ireland (New York, 1925); John E. Pomfret, The Struggle for Land in Ireland, I800–1923 (Princeton, 1930); Elizabeth R. Hooker, Readjustments of Agricultural Tenure in Ireland (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1938).

67. See McDowell's articles “The Irish Executive in the Nineteenth Century,” I.H.S., IX (Mar., 1955), 264–280, and “The Irish Courts of Law, 1801–1914,” I.H.S., X (Sept., 1957), 363–391.

68. See Kennedy F. Roche, “The Relations of the Catholic Church and the State in England and Ireland, 1800–1852,” Historical Studies: III, Papers read before the Fourth Irish Conference of Historians (London and Cork, 1961); and J. H. Whyte, “The Influence of the Catholic Clergy on Elections in Nineteenth Century Ireland,” English Historical Review, LXXV (April, 1960), 239–259, and “The Appointment of Catholic Bishops in Nineteenth Century Ireland,” Catholic Historical Review, XLVIII (Apr., 1962), 12–32. E. R. Norman's The Catholic Church and Ireland in the Age of Rebellion, 1859–1873 (Ithaca, New York, 1965) appeared too late to be included in this essay.

69. See K. H. Connell, “The Colonization of Waste Land in Ireland, 1780–1845,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., III(1950), 44–71. Dr. Connell takes issue with George O'Brien's view that there was little reclamation between the union and the famine. See also his “Some Unsettled Problems in English and Irish Population History, 1750–1845,” I.H.S., VII (Sept., 1951), 225–34, and “The Potato in Ireland.” Past and Present (Nov., 1962), 57–71. The population discussion continues in Michael Drake, “Marriage and Population Growth in Ireland, 1950–1845,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XVI (Dec., 1963), 301–313.

70. See also in I.H.S., John J. Monaghan, “The rise and Fall of the Belfast Cotton Industy,” III (Mar., 1942), 1–17; and Ivor J. Herring, “Ulster Roads on the Eve of the Railway Age, c. 1800–1840,” II (Sep., 1940), 160–188. Urban labor history for any part of Ireland has been neglected, but see Rachel O'Higgins, “Irish Trade Unions and Politics, 1830–1850,” Historical Journal, IV (1961), 208–217, and her “The Irish Influence in the Chartist Movement,” Past and Present, No. 20 (Nov., 1961), 83–96.

71. There are forty‐three pages of bibliography. See Also Dr. Black's The Statistical and Social Inquiry society of Ireland, Centenary Volume, 1847–1947 (Dublin, 1947).

72. A few articles will indicate some of the lines of inquiry: Kenneth H. Connell, in “Peasant Marriage in Ireland: Its Structure and Development Since the Famine,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XIV (Apr., 1962). 502–23, presents material, some of it obtained with the assistance of the Irish Folklore Commission, the implications of which he proposes to work out more fully. See also his “Land Legislation and Irish Social Life,” ibid., 2nd ser., XI (Aug., 1958). 1–7. S. H. Cousens, in “Emigration and Demographic Change in Ireland, 1851–1861,” ibid., 2nd ser. XIV (Dec., 1961), 275–288, notes “considerable resistance” to emigration after the famine, a resistance he calls social and not economic. W. L. Burn in “Free Trade in Land: An Aspect of the Irish Question,” Transactions, Royal Historical Society, 4th ser., XXXI (London, 1949), 61–74, discusses the Encumbered Estates Act and speculates on “what might have been” had something similar to the 1870 land legislation been enacted in 1849. More directly on land legislation itself see: Hugh Shearman, “State Aided Land Purchase Under the Disestablishment Act of 1869,” I.H.S., IV (Mar., 1944), 58–80; and two articles by K. Buckley in I.H.S.; “The Fixing of Rents by Agreement in County Galway, 1881–85,” VII (Mar., 1951), 149–179, and “The Records of the Irish Land Commission as a Source of Historical Evidence,” VIII (Mar., 1952), 28–36. See Thomas P. O'Neill, “From Famine to Near Famine, 1845–1879,” Studia Hibernica, I (1961), 161–171. Also O. Robinson, “The London Companies as Progressive Landlords in Nineteenth Century Ireland,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XV (Aug., 1962), 103–118.

73. For the immediate post‐Union years see Michael Roberts, The Whig Party, 1807–1812 (London, 1939), and Donald J. McDougall, “George III, Pitt, and the Irish Catholics, 1801–1805,” Catholic Historical Review, XXXI (Oct., 1945). 255–281. Also for the period to 1825, J. T. Ellis, Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo‐Papal Relations, 1814–1824 (Washington, 1942). G. I. T. Machine's The Catholic Question in English Politics, 1820 to 1830 (Oxford, 1964) is the newest study of the Catholic emancipation question.

74. Of some interest for these years, Alexis de Tocqueville's Journeys to England and Ireland has been made available in a new edition and translation, edited by J. P. Mayer (London, 1958).

75. For a review of the centenary writings on young Ireland see Kevin Nowlan, “Writings in Connection with the Thomas Davis and Young Ireland Centenary, 1945,” I.H.S., V (Mar., 1947) 265–272. For the identification of Nation articles see kevin M. MacGrath, “Writers in the Nation,' 1842–45.” I.H.S., VI (Mar., 1949), 189–223. Also Randall Clarke, “The Relations Between O'Connell and the Young Irelanders,” I.H.S., III (Mar., 1942), 18–30.

76. For a statement on the nationalism of Young Ireland, refer to R. Dudley Edwards, “The Contribution of Young Ireland to the Irish National Idea” in Feilscribhinn Torna; Essays Presented to Tadhg Ua Donnchadha, ed. Seamus Pender (Cork University Press, 1947). Also G. S. Kitson Clark, “The Romantic Element, 1830–50,” Studies in Social History: a Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan, ed. J. H. Plumb (London, 1955)

77. Fiontan O'Leathlobhair (Dudlin, 1962)

78. See Galen Broeker, “Robert Peel and the Peace conservation force,” Journal of Modern History, XXXIII (Dec., 1961), 363–373.

79. Daniel O'Connll, Revised Centenary edition (Cork University Press, and Oxford, Blackwell, 1947). Also Sean O'Faolain's King of the Beggars (London, 1938).

80. See Sir Henry Blackall and J. H. Whyte, “Corespondence, O'Connell and the Repeal Party,” I.H.S., XI1 (Sept., 1960), 139–143.

81. For a review of Repeal in its historical context see Kevin B. Nowlan, “The Meaning of Repeal in Irish History,” Historical Studies: IV, Papers Read to tlte Fifth Irish Conference of Historians (London, 1963). Dr. Nowlan's book, The Politics of Repeal: a Study in the Relations Between Great Britain and Ireland, 1841–1850, will appear in 1965. For some of the political pressures of the period, and English anti‐Catholic attitudes, see Gilbert Cahill, “Irish Catholicism and English Toryism,” Review of Politics, XIX (Jan., 1957), 62–76, and “The Protestant Association and the Anti‐ Maynooth Agitation of 1845,” Catholic Historical Review, XLIII (Oct., 1957), 273–308.

82. See I.H.S., XI (Sept., 1959), 337, regarding a projected History of Ireland in the Age of Fenianism. The present writer has seen no further notice of this. Desmond Ryan, long a student of Fenianism, has a statement on the position of Fenian history in Bulletin of the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences, No. 79 (June, 1957). He is at work on a study of James Stephens. See his earlier The Phoenix Flame: a Study of Fenianism and John Devoy (London, 1937).

83. White's book is deficient in scholarly apparatus. Based on the Butt papers in the National Library, and on family papers, the book does not sufficiently discuss these collections. A volume of Butt's correspondence is needed.

84. See L. J. McCaffrey, “Home Rule and the General Election of 1874 in Ireland,” I.H.S., IX (Sept., 1954), 190–212, and David Thornley, “The Irish Conservatives and Home Rule, 1869–1873,” I.H.S., XI (Mar., 1959), 200–222. Also Rev. Patrick J. Corish, “Cardinal Cullen and the National Association of Ireland,” Reportorium Novum, III, No. 1 (1961–62), 13–61, an article which calls attention to the fact that Fenianism has been overephasized in the history of the 1860's. See on this whole subject the new work of E. R. Norman referred to in footnote 67 above.

85. On the controversies surrounding Parnell, the work of Henry Harrison is crucial and mostly written before 1940. But see his “Parnell's Vindication,” I.H.S., V (Mar., 1947), 231–243, and in connection with this, C. H. D. Howard, ed., Joseph Chamberlain: a Political Memoir, 1890–92 (London, 1953).

86. F. S. L. Lyons, “The Economic Ideas of Parnell,” Historical Studies: II, Papers Read to the Third Conference of Irish Historians (London, 1959); C. H. D. Howard, three articles in I.H.S., “Documents Relating to the Irish Central Board' Scheme, 1884–85,” VIII (Mar., 1953). 237–263; “Joseph Chamberlain, Parnell, and the Irish Central Board' Scheme, 1884–85,” VIIl (Sept., 1953), 324–361; “Joseph Chamberlain, W. H. O'Shea, and Parnell, 1884, 1891–92,” XIII (Mar., 1962), 33–38; and a fourth article, “The Parnell Manifesto of 21 November 1885 and the Schools Question,” English Historical Review, LXII (Jan., 1947), 42–51. David Thornley's “The Irish Home Rule Party and Parliamentary Obstruction, 1874–1887,” I.H.S., XII (Mar., 1960), 38–57, has some observations on the broader historical effects of obstruction on the Westminster parliament. Also, T. W. Moody, “Parnell and the Galway Election of 1886,” I.H.S., IX (Mar., 1955), 319–338; J. F. Glaser, “Parncil's Fall and the Non‐Conformist Conscience,” I.H.S., XII (Sept., 1960), 119–138; W. L. Arnstein, “Parnell and the Bradlaugh Case,” I.H.S., XIII(Mar., 1963), 212–235. See Emmet Larkin, “The Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Fall of Parnell,” Victorian Studies IV (June, 1961), 315‐ 336, and “Mounting the Counter‐Attack: The Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Destruction of Parnellism,” Review of Politics, XXV (Apr., 1963), 157–182. Finally, for the Pamell era, note should be taken of a second edition, just published, with a new introduction by M. R. D. Foot, of a famous work which belongs to Irish, as much as to English history: J. L. Hammond, Gladstone and the Irish Nation (1st ed., London, 1938; 2nd ed., Hamden, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1964).

87. In Studies: “Michael Davitt, 1846–1906: a Survey and An Appreciation,” Pt. I, 1846–1881, XXXV (June, 1946), 199–208; Pt. II, 1881–1890 (Sept., 1946), 325–334; Pt. III, 1890–1906 (Dec., 1946), 433–438. Also, in Studies, “Michael Davitt in Penal Servitude, 1870–1877,” XXX (Dec., 1941), 517–530, and continued in XXXI (Mar., 1942), 16–30. In I.H.S., “Michael Davitt and the Pen' Letter,” IV (Mar., 1945), 224–253. In Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, “Michael Davitt and the British Labour Movement, 1882‐ 1906,” III, ser. 5 (1953), 53–76.

88. see also James J. Green, “American Catholics and the Irish Land League, 1879–1882,” Catholic Historical Reuiew, XXXV (Apr., 1949), 19–42.

89. For English reactions and the Irish issue as a force in making converts to conservatism, see R. C. K. Ensor, “Some Political and Economic Interactions in Later Victorian England,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th Ser., XXXI (1949), 17–28; and John Roach, “Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia,” Cambridge Historical Journal, XIII (1957), 58–81. On Chamberlain after 1886 see Peter Fraser, “The Liberal Unionist Alliance: Chamberlain, Hartington, and the Conservatives, 1886–1904,” English Historical Review, LXXVII (Jan., 1962), 53–75.

90. W. Alison Phillips' earlier work, The Revolution in Ireland, 1906–1923 (New York, 1923), Unionist in viewpoint, covers some of this period and has an historical introduction.

91. Redmond, Hyde, Griffith, Carson, and the young Yeats are a few of the figures discussed in this volume which also contains a chapeter on the years 1891–1916 written by the editor. A number of works on the dramatic and literary spects of the period, and necessary to an understanding of it, cannoit be included here. See, for example, Alan Denson, ed., letters From A. E. (London, 1962).

92. See F. S. L. Lyons, “The Irish Unionist Party and The Devolution crisis of 1904–05,” I.H.S., Vi (Mar., 1948), 1–22, and H. W. McCready, “Home Rule and the Liberal Party, 1899–1906,” I.H.S. XIII (Sept., 1963) 316–348.

93. Socialism and Nationalism: a Selection From the Writings of James Connoly. Introducton and notes by desmond Ryan (Dublin, 1948); Labour and Easter Week: a Selection from the Writings of James Connolly, ed. Desmond Ryan, Introduction by william O'Brien (Dublin, 1949); The Worker's Republic: a Selection from the Writings of dJames connoly, ed. Desmondd Ryan. UIntroduction by wiliam McMullen (Dublin, 1951). also earlier: Labour in Ireland, Introduction by Robert Lynd (Dublin, 1917; reissued Dublin, 1944).

94. James Larkin, Irish Labour Leader, 1876–1947 (London, 1965).

95. See D. L. Armstrong, “Social and Economic Conditions in the Belkfast Linen Industry, 1850–1900,” I.H.S., VII (Sept., 1951) 235–269. A collection of essays, Ulster Under Home Rule, ed. thomas Wilson (Oxford, 1955), contains historical background.

96. For one phase dof the struggle see Richard Bennett, The black and Tans (London, 1959).

97. See Desmond Ryan, The Rising (Dublin, 1949) and the critical review by Florence O'Donoghue which discusses the problems of writing on 1916: I.H.S., VI (Sept., 1949), 303–306. Max Caulfield's The Easter Rebellion (New York, 1963) is less history than evocation.

98. Peace by Ordeal, An Account, From First Hand Sources, of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo‐Irish Treaty of 1921 (London, 1935, reissued, 1951). See Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic, a Documented chronicle (London, 1937; 4th ed., Dublin, 1951); a valuable, but pro‐Republican work.

99. Survey of British commonwealth Affairs, Vol. I: Problems of Nationality, 1918–1936 (London, 1937). several works on Ireland, concerned primarily with the post‐1922 period, hav introductory historical material: see donal O' Sullivan, The Irish Free State and its senate: a Study in contemporary Politics (London, 1940); J. L. McCracken, Representative Government in Ireland, a Study of dial Eireann, 1919–1948 (London, 1958); Terence de Vere White, Kevin O'Hggins (London, 1948). For “external asociation” and the symbolism of the crown see “The Implications of Eire's Relationship with the British Commonwealth of Nations” in Nocholas Mansergh, The Commonwealth and the Nations (London, 1948).

100. On University College, Dublin, see Struggle with Fortune, a Miscellany for the Centenary of the Catholic University of Ireland, 1854–1954, ed. Michael Tierney (Dublin, 1954). For some articles on Trinity see R. B. McDowell and D. A. Webb “Trinity College in the Age of Revolution and Reform, (1794–1831),” Hermathena, no. 72 (Nov., 1948), 3–19. On the years between Peel's Act and Newman's University see a series of articles by Mary Vale, “Origins of the Catholic University of Ireland, 1845–1854,” Irish Ecclesiastical Record, LXXXII (1954), 1–16, 152–164, 226–41; also Rev. John Ahern, “The Plenary Synod of Thurles,” ibid., LXXV (1951), 385–403, and LXXVIII (1952), 1–20. For a brief general statement see T. W. Moody “The Irish University Question in the Nineteenth Century,” History, XLIII (1958), 90–109. For education below the university, see John Jamieson, The History of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution (Belfast, 1959) and T. O'Raifeartaigh, “Mixed Education and the synoe of Ulster, 1831–1840.” I.H.S., IX (Mar., 1955), 281–299.

101. Frank Thistlethwaite, “Migration from Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” Comit#é International des Sciences Historiques, XI, Congrés International des Sciences Historiques, Rapports, V, Histoire Contemporaine (Uppsala, 1960), 32–60. See Marcus Hansen, The Atlantic Migrution, 1607–1860 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1940), and “The History of American Immigration as a Field For Research,” American Historical Review, XXXII (April, 1927), 500–518.

102. William F. Adams, Ireland and Irish Emigration to the New World From 1815 to the Famine (New Haven, 1932).

103. Dr. Brown's articles are in the Review of Politics: “Nationalism and the Irish Peasant, 1800–1848,” XV (Oct., 1953), 403–445, and “The Origins and Character of Irish American Nationalism,” XVIII (July, 1956), 327–358.

104. See Barbara Kerr, “Irish Seasonal Migration to Great Britain, 1800–1838,” I.H.S., III (Sept., 1943), 365–380. For the United States, the most recent work is William V. Shannon, The American Irish (New York, 1963). This is the work of a journalist who has based his study on the important relevant work. Brief on the Irish background, it carries the story forward to the third and fourth generations. See Carl Wittke, The Irish in Aimerica (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1956); George Potter, To the Golden Door: the Story of the Irish in Ireland and America (Boston and Toronto, 1960). For some material on the Irish see James P. Shannon, Catholic Colonization on the Western Frontier (New Haven, 1957). Also: Richard J. Purcell, “The New York Commissioners of Emigration and Irish Immigrants, 1847–1860,”

105. Studies, XXXVII (Mar., 1948), 29–42, and Albnon P. Man, Jr., “The Irish in New york in the Early eighteen‐Sixties,” I.H.S., VII (Sept., 1950), 87–108. a new sociological work has material on the Irish in New York City: Nathan Glazer and daniel Moynihan, Beyond The Mielting Pot (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).

106. See oliver MacDonagh's articles: “The Poor Law, Emigration, and the Irish Question, 1830–1855,” Christus Rex, XII (1958), 26–37; “The Irish Catholic Clergyu and Emigration of the Emigrant Traffic From the United Kingdom, 1842–55,” I.H.S. IX (Sept. 1954), 162–189. Also G. R. C. Keep, “Some Irish Opinion on Populaiton and Emigration, 1851–1901,” Irish Ecclesiastical Record, LXXXIV (1955), 377–386.

107. There is no multi‐volume Dictionary of Irish Biogruphy. J. S. Crone's A Concise Dictionary of Irish Biography (London, 1928; new ed., Dublin, 1937), contains brief sketches, but no bibliographies. Studies contains many articles on scholars, journalists, physicians, missionaries, scientists, architects, etc. Scholarly works on some of these careers would contribute to Ireland's social and intellectual history, and to a clearer picture of her place in the contemporary history of western Europe. Men like Sir Robert Kane, for instance, deserve wider attention than they have received. On Kane, see D. O'Raghallaigh's brief Sir Robert Kane: a Piorreer in Science, Industry, and Commerce (Cork University Press, 1942), and T. S. Wheeler, “Sir Robert Kane, His Life and Work,” Studies, XXXIII (June, 1944, and Sept., 1944), 158–168 and 316–330.

108. See Eric Strauss, Sir William Petty, Portrrcit of a Genius (London, 1954), a disappointing book from the author of Irish Nationalism and British Democracy. A number of books and articles have been written about the martyredd Archbishop Oliver Plunkett: see Alice Curtayne, The Trial of Oliver Plunkett (London, 1953); deirdre Mathews, Oliver of Armagh (Dublin, 1961); a work in french by Marie de Miserey, Bienheureux Oliver Plunkett (Tours, 1963) incorporates recent findigs. For the earlier half of the century. There is a very good and intersting study of a less well known figure by donal Cregan: “An Irish Cavalier: Daniel O'Neill,” Studia Hibernica, III (1963), 60–100 and IV (1964), 104–133. It is to be conlcluded in volume V.

109. For berkeley see a collection of essays in Hermathena, A Commemoracvtive Issue: “Homage to George Berkeley, 1682–1753,” LXXXII (Nov., 1953), 1–146.

110. See Carl B. Cone, Burke and the Nature of Politics (Lexington Kentucky, 1957).

111. A third volume has appeared (1965).

112. Dermot Gleeson discusses the problem of local history in the preface of his The Last Lords of Ormond (London, 1938). See also his “Problems of Irish Ecclesiastical History for the Local Historian,” Bulletin of the Irish Committee for the Historical Sciences, no. 62 (Sept., 1952). Also his last work, a collaborative effort with Fr. Aubrey Gwynn, A History of the Diocese of Killaloe, vol. I (Dublin, 1962), Part I: The Early Period by Rev. Aubrey Gwynn, Parts 2–4: The Middle Ages by Dermot Gleeson. For a useful guide see Thomas P. O'Neill, Sources of Irish Local History, 1st. ser. (Dublin, 1958).

113. On Belfast: Einrys Jones, A Social Geography of Belfast (London, 1960). For eighteenth and nineteenth century urban history, R. W. M. Strain, Belfast and Its Charitable Society: a Story of Urban Social Development (London, New York, Toronto, 1961). For early industry, E. R. R. Green, The Industrial Archeolog of County Down (Belfast, 1963).

114. There have been a number of important works on anthropology, natural history, landscape, and folklore of interest to the historian. See: Estyn Evans, Irish Heritage (Belfast, 1942); Conrad Arensberg, The Irish Countryman (New York, 1937); and Conrad Arensberg and Solon T. Kimball, Family and Community in Ireland (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1940); Robert L. Praeger, The Way That I Went (3rd ed.; Dublin, 1947); and the recent The Festival of Lughnara by Marie MacNeill (Oxford University Press, 1962. for the Irish Folklore Commission). Two examinations of the Irish scene

115. and character might be noted: Sean O'Faolain, The Irish (Penguin Books Middlesex, 1947); and Arland Ussher, The Face and mind of Ireland (London, 1949).

116. For the language see two surveys: Daniel Corkey, The fortunes of the Irish Language (Dublin, 1954) and Desmond Ryan, The Sword of Light: from the four Masters to Douglas Hyede (London, 1939).

117. See John V. Kelleher, “Early Irish History and Pseudo‐History,” studia Hibernica, III (1963), 113–127. (Paper read at the Inaugural Meeting of the American committee for Irish studies, Chicago, Dec., 1961).