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Notes
1. E.H. Botterell, in Proceedings of the 1947 Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (Washington, 1948), 28.
2. Ray Lyman Wilbur, Report of the Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine (1944).
3. Ibid.; Frank H. Krusen, “Rehabilitation of the Chronically Disabled with Special Reference to the Use of Physical Measures,” in Rehabilitation of the War Injured, ed. William Brown Doherty and D. Dagobert (New York, 1943), 254; “Bulletin of Baruch Committee,” December 1944, in Records of the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration, Record Group 290, Accession 58A‐375, Container 19, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland; Russell J.N. Dean, New Life for Millions: Rehabilitation for America's Disabled (New York, 1972), 20, 67.
4. Dr. Henry Kessler, “Report to the Board of Trustees,” 12 December 1974, Kessler Papers, Kessler Institute (Newark, New Jersey); Kessler, The Knife Is Not Enough (New York, 1968), 30–128: oral interview with Kessler, 24 December 1974 (Newark).
5. Howard Rusk, A World to Care For (New York, 1972), 58; Rusk and Eugene J. Taylor, New Hope for the Handicapped: The Rehabilitation of the Handicapped from Bed to Job (New York, 1946). 7.
6. Missouri's Son, the Rehabilitation Man,” undated typescript in Howard Rusk Papers, NYU‐Bellevue Rehabilitation Institute (New York) (hereafter cited as Rusk Papers); Rusk, “Professional Advisory Committee Meeting,” 4 March 1944, Records of the Social and Rehabilitation Service, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382.
7. Quoted in Dean, New Life, 81.
8. Report of the Rehabilitation Committee,”Proceedings of the 1947 Meeting, 67; Frank H. Krusen, “New Trends in Physical Medicine,”Modern Hospital, October 1943, offprint in Mary Switzer Papers, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, Mass. (hereafter cited as Switzer Papers); Institute for the Crippled and Disabled, Report of a Conference on Compensation Cases (New York, 1952), 13; W.A. Spencer, “Medical Rehabilitation and Medical Care for the Chronically Ill,” unpublished report to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976.
9. Margarel L. Coit, Mr. Baruch (Boston, 1957), 661; Rusk and Taylor, New Hope, 73–74.
10. Baruch to Rusk, 15 October 1951, Rusk Papers; oral interview with Rusk, 15 February 1975, New York (hereafter cited as Rusk interview); Wilbur, Report of the Baruch Committee.
11. Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine, Report on a Community Service Center (1946), 1; Baruch Committee, “Press Release,” 8 April 1945, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 65; Rusk to Michael Shortley, 15 May 1945, ibid.; oral interview with Eugene J. Taylor, 15 February 1975 (New York).
12. National Society for Crippled Children and Adults and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Centers in the United Slates: A Compilation of Information (Chicago, 1953), 4.
13. Baruch Committee, Report on a Community Service Center, 7.
14. Rusk interview; Rusk to Mrs. Howard Rusk, 1 August 1945, and Dr. George Deaver to Rusk, 31 July 1945, Rusk Papers; Kessler, The Knife, 128.
15. For a fuller view of the rise of the National Institutes of Health, see Stephen P. Strickland, Politics, Science and Dread Disease (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 15, 44–45, and Natalie Davis Spingarn, Heartbeat: The Politics of Health Research (Washington, 1976), 19–28.
16. Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier: Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (Washington, 1945), 10–11; Theodore G. Klumpp, “What Are We Willing to Pay for Health,”New York Times, 8 November 1945, and statement of Vannevar Bush before the Subcommittee on Commerce and the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, both in General Records of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, RG 235, General Decimal Series, 1944–50, Box 92, National Archives, Washington.
17. Dr. Walter W.Palmer, “Report of the Medical Advisory Committee,” in Bush, Science, 53.
18. Dr. Austin E. Smith, “Minutes of the Committee on Postwar Medicine,” 1 December 1945, RG 235, Box 33; “Report of the Subcommittee on the Bush Report to the Committee on Postwar Medical Service,” RG 235, Box 93.
19. Thomas Parran to members of the National Advisory Health Council, [n.d.], RG 235, Box 93.
20. Mary Switzer to Watson Miller, 15 November 1946, Switzer Papers.
21. Senate Report1353, 79th Congress, 2nd session; House Report 1445, 79th Congress, 2nd session; Robert Connery, The Politics of Mental Health (New York, 1968), 16–20
22. National Advisory Health Council,” 22 October 1949, RG 235, Box 33.
23. Donald Dabelstein to Michael Shortley, 1 June 1950, RG 363.
24. For a fuller view of the origins and development of the Hill‐Burton Act, see Edward Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State (New York, 1980); Edward Berkowitz, Rehabilitation: The Federal Government's Response to Disability (New York, 1980); and Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (New Haven, 1971), 509, 269, 276.
25. Alanson W. Wilcox to Watson B. Miller, 7 November 1944, RG 235, General Files, 010–011.3.
26. Tracy Copp to Shortley, 31 January 1947, Donald Dabelstein toJ.A. Kratz, 12 July 1948, “Regional Representatives Memo 92,” 20 July 1949, all in RG 363, Accession 71 A‐1382, Carton 107.
27. Dabelstein to Shortley, 26 May 1950, in RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 107.
28. Oscar Ewing, The Nation's Health: A Ten Year Program (Washington, 1948), 147, 21, 54; Edward Berkowitz, “The American Disability System in Historical Perspective,” in Disability Policies and Government Programs, ed. Berkowitz (New York, 1979).
29. News Release,” 31 October 1941, RG 290, Accession 62A‐190, Container 4.
30. Shortley to Krusen, 15 December 1948, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Container 144.
31. Thomas Parran to State Health Officers, 22 March 1944, RG 290, Accession 58A‐375, Container 19.
32. Dean A. Clark lo Dr. William S. Tillet, 6 May 1944, Switzer Papers.
33. Watson Miller to Michael Shortley, 30 October 1944, RG 235, General Decimal Series, 1944–1950, 500–700, Box 265.
34. Federal Provision for Vocational Rehabilitation Services,” 27 March 1944, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 51.
35. Paul McNutt, “Professional Advisory Committee,” 3 March 1944, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 51.
36. Shortley to Frank Krusen, 15 December 1949, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 144; “Professional Advisory Committee,” 3 March 1944, RG 290, Accession 58A‐375, Container 19; Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Manual of Policies, Section on Requirements for Physical Restoration Services (Washington, 1944).
37. Michael Shortley, in Proceedings of the 1947 Meeting, 102.
38. Willis C. Gorthy to Mary Switzer, 15 October 1953, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Carton 97.
39. H.E. Odoroff to T. Copp, 30 October 1945, and “Notes on Selected Program Activities,” 17 October 1947, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Container 51.
40. “Professional Advisory Council, 13 May 1947, RG 363, Accession 71A‐1382, Container 51.
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Edward D. Berkowitz
The author has been John F. Kennedy Fellow at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. During 1980 he served on the staff of the President's Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties, specializing in social welfare policy.