Becoming an Honorary Civilized Nation: Remaking Japan's Military Image during the Russo‐Japanese War, 1904‐1905

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Notes

1. Diary of Ernest Satow, British minister in Peking, 24 December 1903, in Korea and Manchuria between Russia and Japan, 1895‐1904: The Observations of Sir Ernest Satow, ed. George Alexander Lensen (Tokyo, 1966), 245; see also Rotem Kowner, “Nicholas II and the Japanese Body: Images and Decision Making on the Eve of the Russo‐Japanese War,”Psychohistory Review 26 (1998): 211‐52.

2. Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword (Berkeley, 1995); Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo‐Japanese War (London, 1985).

3. See Kowner, “Nicholas II and the Japanese Body.”

4. Robert B. Valliant, “The Selling of Japan: Japanese Manipulation of Western Opinion, 1900‐1905,”Monumenta Nipponka 29 (1974): 415‐38.

5. Jack London, “Japanese Officers Consider Everything a Military Secret,”San Francisco Examiner, 26 June 1904, 41; see also Michael S. Sweeney, “'Delays and Vexation': Jack London and the Russo‐Japanese War,”Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (1998): 548‐‐‐59; and Robert W. Desmond, The Infortnation Process: World News Reporting to the Twentieth Century (Iowa City, 1978): 420‐28.

6. Joseph Michael Henning, “Race, Religion, and Civilization: The United States and Japan” (Ph.D. diss., American University, 1998), 327; see also Kogorǒ Takahira, “Why Japan Resists Russia,”North American Review 178 (March 1904): 321‐27; Alonzo H. Stewart, “Baron Kaneko on the Yellow Peril,”New York Times, 21 February 1904, 27; Henning, Race, Religion, and Civilization, 320‐27; and John Thares Davidaan, A World of Crisis and Progress (Bethlehem, Penn., 1998).

7. Davidaan, A World of Crisis and Progress; James Reed, The Missionary Mind and American East Asian Policy, 1911‐1915 (Cambridge, Mass., 1983).

8. Valliant, “The Selling of Japan,” 431‐38; Stewart Lone, Army, Empire and Politics in Meiji Japan: The Three Careers of General Katsura Tarǒ (New York, 2000); “Regulations for Press Correspondents, the First Army Headquarters,” in Jack London Reports, ed. King Hendricks and Irving Shepard (Garden City, 1970), 25‐26.

9. Sir Ian Hamilton, 27 May 1904, in A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book during the Russo‐Japanese War, vol. 1 (London, 1906), 133.

10. Captain J. B. Jardine, in Great Britain, War Office, The Russo‐Japanese War: Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field, vol. 2 (London, 1907), 540.

11. Frederick Arthur McKenzie, From Tokyo to Tiflis (London, 1905), 146.

12. Hamilton, 21 August 1904, A Staff Officer's Scrap Book, vol. 2, 26.

13. Hamilton, 21 October 1904, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 2, 280.

14. Frederick McCormick, The Tragedy of Russia in Pacific Asia (New York, 1907), vol. 2, 324.

15. Hamilton, 1 April 1904, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 1, 9‐10.

16. Ellis Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation (Edinburgh, 1906), 481.

17. Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt, Junior, 5 March 1904, quoted in George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents: From Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (New York, 1971), 395‐96.

18. Hamilton, 3 August 1904, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 2, 21.

19. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation, 340‐41.

20. McCormick, The Tragedy of Russia, vol. 1, 127.

21. Ibid., 330.

22. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation, 400.

23. Hamilton, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 1, 264.

24. Ikuhiko Hata, “From Consideration to Contempt: The Changing Nature of Japanese Military and Popular Perceptions of Prisoners of War through the Ages,” in Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II, ed. Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich (Oxford, 1996), 253‐54.

25. Hata, “From Consideration to Contempt,” 257; Stewart Lone, Japan's First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894‐95 (New York, 1994); Frederic Villiers, “The Truth about Port Arthur,”North American Review 160 (March 1895): 325‐30.

26. See Constantine A. Benckendorff, Half a Life: Reminiscences of a Russian Gentleman (London, 1955); and A. Novikoff‐Priboy, Tsushima, Grave of a Floating City (New York, 1937).

27. McKenzie, From Tokyo to Tiflis, 153‐54.

28. Olive Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor's Japan, 1877‐1977 (New York, 1994), 8‐10.

29. Ethel McCaul, Under the Care of the Japanese War Office (London, 1904), 122.

30. Ibid., 195‐96.

31. Louis Livingstone Seaman, From Tokio through Manchuria with the Japanese (New York, 1905), 63.

32. Nagao Ariga, The Japanese Red Cross Society and Russo‐Japanese War (London, 1907); Olive Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor's Japan, 1877‐1977 (New York, 1994).

33. Newton A. McCully, The McCully Report: The Russo‐Japanese War, 1904‐05 (Annapolis, 1977), 186.

34. Seppings H. C. Wright, With Togo: The Story of Seven Months' Active Service under His Command (London, 1905), 72.

35. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation, 393, 398.

36. Wright, With Togo, 242.

37. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation, 408.

38. Erwin Baelz, 16 January 1905, in Awakening Japan: The Diary of a German Doctor (New York, 1932), 338.

39. Hamilton, 9 February 1905, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 2, 363.

40. See Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor's Japan, 61‐70; Rotem Kowner, “Japan's Enlightened War: Military Conduct and Attitudes to the Enemy during the Russo‐Japanese War,” in The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions, ed. Bert Edström (Sandgate, U.K., 2000), 134‐51; and Tokio Saikami, Matsuyama Shǔyǒjo: Horyo to Nihonjin [Prison Camp Matsuyama: The Captives and the Japanese] (Tokyo, 1969).

41. McCaul, Under the Care of the Japanese War Office, 201.

42. Seaman, From Tokio through Manchuria, 62‐63.

43. Ibid., 60; see also McCaul, Under the Care of the Japanese War Office, 203.

44. Seaman, From Tokio through Manchuria, 66‐67.

45. McCaul, Under the Care of the Japanese War Office, 205.

46. Seaman, From Tokio through Manchuria, 71.

47. Dispatch by d'Anethan, 29 June 1904, in The d'Anethan Dispatches from Japan, 1894‐1910, ed. Alexander George Lensen (Tokyo, 1967), 190.

48. Baelz, 15 October 1904, Awakening Japan, 317.

49. Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea, and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel, vol. 1 (London, 1900), 356.

50. Sir Henry Norman, The People and Politics of the Far East (New York, 1895), 37.

51. Georges de Man to de Favereau, no. 224/37, 5 November, 1902, quoted in Lensen, The d'Anethan Dispatches, 157‐58.

52. McKenzie, From Tokyo to Tiflis, 2.

53. Hamilton, 13 October 1904, A Staff Officer's Scrap‐Book, vol. 2, 253.

54. Frederic Villiers, Port Arthur: Three Months with the Besiegers (London, 1905), 164, 68.

55. J. J. Matignon, Enseignements Médicaux de la Guerre Russo‐Japonaise (Paris, 1907), 93.

56. McKenzie, From Tokyo to Tiflis, 223.

57. Captain F. R. Sedgwick, The Russo‐Japanese War on Land: A Brief Account of the Strategy and Grand Tactics of the War (London, 1908), 134.

58. Lloyd C. Griscom, Dipbmattially Speaking (Boston, 1940), 249.

59. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation, 485.

60. Wright, With Togo, 4; see also Wright, With Togo, 117, 150, 208, 237, 152.

61. McCaul, Under the Care of the Japanese War Office, 135.

62. Wright, With Togo, 10.

63. Hamilton, A Staff Officers Scrap‐Book, vol. 1, 28, 67, and vol. 2, 156.

64. Ashmead‐Bartlett, Port Arthur. The Siege and Capitulation, 115.

65. Richard Barry, Port Arthur: A Monster Heroism (New York, 1905), 145.

66. Baelz, 3 November 1904, Awakening Japan, 324.

67. James Martin Miller, Thrilling Stories of the Russian‐Japanese War (Chicago, 1905), 20.

68. Keith Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar: British Policy and Russia, 1894‐1917 (Oxford, 1995), 238‐64.

69. See, e.g., Raymond A. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle, 1966), 10; and H. K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (New York, 1965), 179.

70. George Kennan, “Which is the Civilized Power?”Outlook, October 1904, 515‐23, see also Frederick F. Travis, George Kennan and the American‐Russian Relationship, 1865‐1924 (Athens, Ohio, 1990).

71. San Francisco Chronicle, 23 February 1905; Richard Austin Thompson, The Yellow Peril, 1890‐1924 (New York, 1978); Heinz Gollwitzer, Die gelbe Gefahr, Geschichte eines Schlagworts, Studien zum imperialistischen Denken (Göttingen, 1962).

72. McCully, The McCully Report, 253. Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents, 389‐98; Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan; Henning, Race, Religion, and Civilization, 308‐14.

73. Roosevelt to John Hay, Secretary of State, 28 July 1904, quoted in Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents, 393.

74. Tyler Dennet, Roosevelt and the Russo‐Japanese War: A Critical Study of American Policy in Eastern Asia in 1902‐1905 (New York, 1925), 281‐87.

75. James Weingartner, “War Against Subhumans: Comparisons between the German War against the Soviet Union and the American War against Japan, 1941‐1945,”Historian 58 (1996): 557‐73.

76. Robert J. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Stanford, 1961), 9.