A Cautious Balance: The Question of Turkey in World War II

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Notes

1. Quoted in Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, kinci Adam [The Second Man], 4th ed., vol. 2 (Istanbul, 1979), 105.

2. Annette Baker Fox, The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II (Chicago, 1959).

3. Selim Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An “Active” Neutrality (Cambridge, 1989); Edward Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 1943‐1945 (Princeton, 1973); Frank Weber, The Evasive Neutral: Germany, Britain and the Quest for a Turkish Alliance in the Second World War (Columbia, Mo., 1979); see also Brock Millman, “Turkish Foreign and Strategic Policy, 1934‐42,”Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1995): 483‐508.

4. J. C. Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record, 1914‐1956, vol. 2 (Princeton, 1956), 226‐28; George Kirk, “Turkey,” in The War and the Neutrals, ed. Arnold and Veronica Toynbee (London, 1956), 346; Asim Us, Asim Us'un Hatira Notlari: 1930 dan 1950 Yilina Kadar Atatürk ve smet nönü Devirlerine ait Seçme Fikralar [The Notes of the Memoirs of Asim Us: Selected Articles from the Periods of Atatürk and smet nönü, 1930 to 1950] (Istanbul, 1966), 422, 472.

5. J. C. deWilde, “German Trade Drive in Southeastern Europe,”Foreign Policy Reports 12 (1936): 214‐15, 219; F. T. Merrill, “Twelve Years of the Turkish Republic,”Foreign Policy Reports 11 (1935): 196‐97; Cemil Koçak, Türk‐Alman lişkileri, 1923‐1939: ki Dünya Savaşi Arastndaki Dönemde Siyasal, Kültürel, Askeri ve Ekonomik lişkiler (Ankara, 1991), 200‐209; Yahya Tezel, Cumhuriyet Döneminin iktisadi Tarihi, 1923‐1950 [The Economic History of the Republican Period], 2d ed. (Ankara, 1986), 45, 153‐59.

6. The Secretary of State to the British Ambassador (Halifax), 10 July 1943, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1943 (hereafter FRUS), vol. 4 (Washington, 1964), 1067; Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston, 1950), 649, 660‐95; Harry N. Howard, Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy (Baltimore, 1974), 170‐73; Harry N. Howard, “The Entry of Turkey into World War II”Belleten 31 (1967): 221‐75; Robert Cossaboom and Gary Leiser, “Adana Station, 1943‐‐‐45: Prelude to the Post‐War American Military Presence in Turkey,”Middle Eastern Studies 34 (1998), http://web3.infotrac.galegroup.com/pdfserve/get_item/l/S9af077w3_2/SBI03_02.pdf (6 March 2001), 1‐2.

7. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation by George V. Allen of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, 29 January 1943, FRUS 1943, 1091.

8. Cemil Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli Şef Dönemi, 1938‐1945 [The National Chief Period in Turkey, 1938‐1945] (Ankara, 1986), 261‐62; Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 123‐30.

9. Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 20 May 1943, FO/37468.

10. Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 20 March 1943, FO 371/37468; Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 19 June 1943, FO 371/37469; Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 130‐32; Aydemir, kinci Adam, 258‐62.

11. Anthony Eden, The Reckoning (Boston, 1965), 421; Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 699‐705; Hughe Knatchbull‐Hugessen, Diplomat in Peace and War (London, 1949), 187‐89.

12. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 706.

13. Turhan Aytul, “Ankara'yi Titreten 5 Yil” [Five Years that Shook Ankara], Güneş, 29 September 1988, 9.

14. The Chargé in the United Kingdom (Matthews) to the Secretary of State, 27 January 1943, quoted in FRUS 1943, 1060.

15. Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 7 February 1943, FO 371/37516; Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 19 February 1943, FO 371/37516; Warner to Eden, 26 February 1943, FO 371/37516; Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli Şef Dönemi, 265.

16. Franz von Papen, Memoirs (London, 1952), 495; Knatchbull‐Hugessen to FO, 6 February 1943, FO 371/37516.

17. Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 146‐66.

18. Aydemir, kinci Adam, 130‐36.

19. Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 20 March 1943, FO 371/37468; Gary Leiser, “The Turkish Air Force, 1939‐45: The Rise of a Minor Power,”Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1990): 383‐95.

20. Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli Şef Dönemi, 272‐73.

21. FO Memo, 20 August 1943, FO 371/37471; Eden to Knatchbull‐Hugessen, 28 August 1943, FO 371/37517; Knatchbuil‐Hugessen to Eden, 5 September 1943, FO 371/37472.

22. Deringil, Turkish foreign Policy During the Second World War, 150‐51.

23. Memo by G. L. Clutton, 20 October 1943, FO 371/37473; see also Millman, “Turkish Foreign and Strategic Policy,” 488.

24. Memo by Eden, 27 September 1943, FO 371/37473; Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 167‐68; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Başbakanlik, Basin ve Matbuat Genel Müdürlügü, Ayin Tarihi [History of the Month] 118 (9/43): 56‐61.

25. Memorandum by the Secretary of State, 25 October 1943, U.S. Department of State, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943 (Washington, D.C., 1961), 117.

26. Eden, Reckoning, 476‐86; Ayin Tarihi 189 (10/43): 57‐65; Foreign Office Minute, 15 December 1943, FO 371/37517.

27. Knatchbull‐Hugessen, Diplomat in Peace and War, 196.

28. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5, Closing the Ring (Boston, 1951), 335.

29. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 346; Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 329‐34.

30. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 346, 355.

31. See section “Second Plenary Session, November 29, 1943, 4 P.M., Conference Room, Soviet Empassy,” U.S. Department of State, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 533‐52.

32. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 355‐58; see also Eden, Reckoning, 496‐97.

33. Knatchbull‐Hugessen to Eden, 19 December 1943, FO 371/44064; see also Churchill, Closing the Ring, 381; Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 484; Howard, “Entry of Turkey into World War II,” 249.

34. Knatchbull‐Hugessen, Diplomat in Peace and War, 197; Aydemir, kinci Adam, 264‐68.

35. Weisband, Turkish Foreign Policy, 204; The President's Special Assistant (Hopkins) to the Ambassador in Turkey (Steinhardt), 3 December 1943, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 666; Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York, 1946), 201; Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli şef Dönemi, 282.

36. United States‐United Kingdom Agreed Minutes, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 693.

37. Howard, “Entry of Turkey into World War II,” 253.

38. United Kingom Minutes, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 751‐55; Howard, “Entry of Turkey into World War II,” 255‐56.

39. Memo by COS, 10 January 1944, FO 371/44064; Eden to Knatchbull‐Hugessen, 30 January 1944, Minute by Clutton, 10 February 1944, FO 371/44066; Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli Şef Dönemi, 302‐5.

40. Quoted in Aydemir, kinci Adam, 273.

41. W. N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade, vol. 1 (London, 1952), 542‐46.

42. War Cabinet Memo, 15 May 1944, FO 371/44074; Howard, “Entry of Turkey into World War II,” 262‐63.

43. United Kingdom, Parliamentary Debates (Commons) 5th ser., vol. 400, cols. 762‐86.

44. Koçak, Türkiye'de Milli Şef Dönemi, 306, 310‐15; von Papen, Memoirs, 590; Turhan Aytul, “Sansaryan Han'dan Bugüne” [From the Sansaryan Han to Today], Günes, 28 June 1989; Aytul, “Mareşal'i Kirim Yedi,” 31 July 1987; Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War, 169‐72.

45. The President of the Turkish Republic (nönü) to President Roosevelt, 3 July 1944, FRUS 1944, vol. 5, 872.

46. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston, 1953), 79‐80; Howard, “Entry of Turkey into World War II,” 271.

47. Eden to Knatchbull‐Hugessen, 21 July 1944, FO 371/44070; Cossaboom and Leiser, “Adana Station, 1943‐45,” 4.

48. Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th ser., vol. 402, cols. 1459‐87.

49. Eden to Kerr, 10 July 1944, FO 371/44070; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 81.