The Woman's Department: Maternalism and Feminism in the Texas Medical Journal

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Notes

1. W. R. Blailock to the Editor, Texas Medical Journal 28 (1912): 67.

2. See Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York, 1955); and Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877‐1920 (New York, 1967).

3. See Ellen Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Reform (New York, 1990); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven, 1995).

4. Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820‐1860,”American Quarterly 18 (Summer 1966): 151‐74.

5. Paula Baker, “The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780‐1920,”American Historical Review 89 (June 1984): 620‐47; Maureen A. Flanagan, “Gender and Urban Political Reform: The City Club and the Women's City Club of Chicago in the Progressive Era,”American Historical Review 95 (October 1990): 1048‐50.

6. Sonya Michel and Robyn Rosen, “The Paradox of Maternalism: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam and the American Welfare State,”Gender and History 4 (Autumn 1992): 362‐86.

7. Christine Stansell, American Modems: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York, 2000), chaps. 7‐8.

8. Daniel's Texas Medical Journal 8 (1892): 166.

9. Daniel's TMJ 4 (1888): 81.

10. Pat Ireland Nixon, A History of the Texas Medical Association 1853‐1953 (Austin, 1953), 246.

11. Ibid., 86‐87; James G. Burrow, AMA: Voice of American Medicine (Baltimore, 1977), 35‐36; Kenneth Ludmerer, Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care (Oxford, 1999), 3.

12. Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York, 1985), chap. 1.

13. See F. E. Daniel, “Castration for Rape,”Daniel's TMJ 22 (1907): 393; G. Henri Bogart, “Sterilization: The Indiana Plan,”TMJ 26 (1910): 82; and RE. Daniel, “Elements of Decay in American Civilization,”TMJ 25 (1909):2.

14. F. E. Daniel, “The Cause and Prevention of Rape,”TMJ 23 (1908): 398.

15. TMJ 28 (1912): 63‐72.

16. TMJ 28 (1912):63.

17. F. E. Daniel, “Status of the Colored Brother in Relation to the A.M.A.”TMJ 21 (1906): 362‐63.

18. “Transactions,”Texas State Journal of Medicine 6 (1910): 3.

19. “Feminine Physicians,”Daniel's Texas Medical Journal 3 (1888): 111.

20. Edward H. Clarke, Sex in Education, or A Fair Chance For Girls (Boston, 1873), 43.

21. “Public‐School Instruction in Cooking,”JAMA 32 (1899): 1183.

22. Mary Roth Walsh, “Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply”: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1835‐1975 (New Haven, 1977), 191.

23. Ellen Chester, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York, 1992), 45; Regina Morantz‐Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York, 1985), chap. 9.

24. Geneva Fulgham and Elizabeth Silverthorne, Woman Pioneers in Texas Medicine (College Station, 1997), 86.

25. Barbara Ehrenreich and Dierdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of Experts' Advice to Women (New York, 1979), 66.

26. See Judith McArthur, Creating the New Woman: The Rise of Southern Women's Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893‐1918 (Urbana, 1998); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, 1992); Molly Ladd‐Taylor, Mother‐Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890‐1930 (Urbana, 1994).

27. TMJ 28(1912):66.

28. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven, 1987), 3; Ladd‐Taylor, 45.

29. William J. Robinson, M. D., “Gonorrhea and Marriage”TMJ 29 (1913): 259.

30. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, 141‐42.

31. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers; Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, “Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880‐1920,”American Historical Review 95 (1990): 1076‐1108.

32. Josephine Daniel, “Woman's Part in Helping to Enforce the Pure Food Laws,”TMJ 28 (1912): 64.

33. J. S. Abbott, “Some Causes of Adulterated Food,”TMJ 28 (1912): 70.

34. M. B. Grace, M.D., “The Dangers of the Public Drinking Cup,”TMJ 28 (1912): 200‐201 (emphasis in original).

35. “New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children”TMJ 29 (1914): 550; Meckel, Save the Babies, 238.

36. Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850‐1929 (Baltimore, 1990), 6.

37. David allyn gorton, M.D., “Infancy and Childhood,” TMJ 29 (1913): 211–12.

38. “New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children,” 550.

39. Meckel, Save the Babies, 195‐97.

40. “New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children,” 550.

41. Meckel, Save the Babies, 142; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890‐1950 (Philadelphia, 1995).

42. Klaus, Every Child a Lion, 14, 35‐36.

43. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980), 148‐54,

44. Meckel, Save the Babies, 101‐17.

45. Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963), 130‐32; Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of “Defective” Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York, 1996), chap. 3.

46. Josephine Draper Daniel, “Habit,” TMJ 28 (November 1912): 196.

47. Ibid., 197; see also Haller, Eugenics, chap. 5; Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968); and Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, 1985), chaps. 4‐6.

48. TMJ 29 (1913): 155.

49. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism, 29‐38.

50. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution (Boston, 1898).

51. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “Romance and Reality in Married Life,” TMJ 29 (1914): 551–56.

52. Ibid., 556.

53. Chesler, Woman of Valor, 64.

54. M. C. Kersh, “An Appeal to the Women Organizations,” TMJ 27 (1912): 204.

55. John, C. Burnham, “The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes Toward Sex,” Journal of American History 59 (1973): 898.

56. “Sex Hygiene,” TMJ 28 (1912): 68.

57. “List of Premiums,” TMJ 28 (1912): 207–8.

58. “Teaching Social Hygiene,” TMJ 29 (1913): 160–62.

59. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control 1868‐1900 (Westport, 1973), 108‐15.

60. Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York, 1976), 192.

61. William J. Robinson, M.D., “Gonorrhea and Marriage,”TMJ 29 (1913): 260.

62. C. V. Drysdale, “Is Contraception Injurious to Health?”TMJ 31 (1916): 324‐25 (emphasis in original).

63. Thomas Shapiro, Population Control Politics: Women, Sterilization, and Reproductive Choice (Philadelphia, 1985).

64. Megan Seaholm, “Earnest Women: The White Women's Club Movement in Progressive Era Texas, 1880‐1920,” (Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1988), chap. 6.

65. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers, 365.

66. Ibid., 453‐57, 510; Meckel, Save the Babies, 212.

67. Burnham, “Progressive Era Revolution,” 885.

68. J. M. Coleman,“Medical Journalism in Texas,” TSMJ 51 (1955): 487.