A Role for Checkpoint Kinase-Dependent Rad26 Phosphorylation in Transcription-Coupled DNA Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

Upon DNA damage, eukaryotic cells activate a conserved signal transduction cascade known as the DNA damage checkpoint (DDC). We investigated the influence of DDC kinases on nucleotide excision repair (NER) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that repair of both strands of an active gene is affected by Mec1 but not by the downstream checkpoint kinases, Rad53 and Chk1. Repair of the nontranscribed strand (by global genome repair) requires new protein synthesis, possibly reflecting the involvement of Mec1 in the activation of repair genes. In contrast, repair of the transcribed strand by transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) occurs in the absence of new protein synthesis, and DNA damage results in Mec1-dependent but Rad53-, Chk1-, Tel1-, and Dun1-independent phosphorylation of the TC-NER factor Rad26, a member of the Swi/Snf group of ATP-dependent translocases and yeast homologue of Cockayne syndrome B. Mutation of the Rad26 phosphorylation site results in a decrease in the rate of TC-NER, pointing to direct activation of Rad26 by Mec1 kinase. These findings establish a direct role for Mec1 kinase in transcription-coupled repair, at least partly via phosphorylation of Rad26, the main transcription-repair coupling factor.

This work was supported by a grant from the European Community (Integrated Project DNA repair, grant no. LSHG-CT-2005-512113) (to J.Q.S.), by in-house grants from Cancer Research UK (to J.Q.S. and J.M.S.), by the Medical Research Council (to R.W.), and by Cancer Research Wales (to Y.T. and H.G.).

We thank George S. Brush for providing Mec1 plasmids.