Endothelial Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Cooperates with NF-κB as a Transcriptional Activator of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1

Abstract

Transcription of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) gene in endothelial cells is induced by lipopolysaccharide and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Previous studies have demonstrated that tandem binding sites for the inducible transcription factor NF-κB are necessary but not sufficient for full cytokine-mediated transcriptional activation. Herein, we demonstrate that full cytokine-induced accumulation of VCAM1 transcript requires protein synthesis. We report the definition of a functional regulatory element in the VCAM1 promoter interacting with the transcriptional activator interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). DNA-protein binding studies with endothelial nuclear extracts revealed that IRF-1 is cytokine inducible and binds specifically to a consensus sequence motif located 3′ of the TATA element. We have identified heterodimeric p65 and p50 as the NF-κB species binding to the VCAM1 promoter in TNF-α-activated endothelial cells. Experiments with recombinant proteins showed that p50/p65 and high-mobility-group I(Y) protein cooperatively facilitated the binding of IRF-1 to the VCAM1 IRF binding site and that IRF-1 physically interacted with p50 and with high-mobility-group I(Y) protein. Transient transfection assays in endothelial cells showed that overexpressed IRF-1 resulted in superinduction of TNF-α-stimulated transcription. Site-directed mutations in the IRF binding element decreased TNF-α-induced activity and totally abolished superinduction. Cotransfection assays in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells revealed that IRF-1 synergized with p50/p65 NF-κB to activate the VCAM1 promoter or heterologous promoter constructs bearing isolated VCAM1 NF-κB and IRF binding motifs. Cytokine inducibility of VCAM1 in endothelial cells utilizes the interaction of heterodimeric p50/p65 proteins with IRF-1.